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Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 13, Issue 9-1 (97-1), 2023

CONTENTS

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Xu Lili. Clash and Interaction of Ethical-Political Ideas of Laozi and Kongzi as a Practical Conceptual Basis of the Political Culture of Ancient China

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

Nagaeva G.A. History of the Family of Novorossian Entrepreneurs Bogdasarov (Following V.I. Kolesov’s Research)

Sazonov S.S. Formation of a System of State Bodies to Counteract the Drug Addiction of the Population in the 1990s

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Obidin M.V. The Problem of Dividing Social Responsibilities Between the State and Civil Society in Modern Russia

Niu Rongxuan. Problems of Formation of a Single Rural-Urban Space of the Region

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Chemshit A.A. Motivation for Political Participation in a Liberal Democracy

Tikhanov R.S., Grishin O.E., Popov S.I. Use of Digital Technology in the Election Process: Advantages and Risks

Bachamardov A.N., Belyaeva V.P. Institutional Specificity of the State Civil Service of Tajikistan

Chelnokova M.L. Technologies to Counter the Destructive Influence of the Russian Non-Systemic Oppositions in Runet

Seravin A.I. Discourse of Digitalization and Democratization: New Approaches, Risks and Threats

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Evstratova T.A., Vorontsova I.V., Novoselsky S.O. Regional Aspects of Sports Tourism Development in the System of Public Administration

Magadiev M.F. Public-Private Partnership as an Instrument of Public Administration in Conditions of Ensuring National Security of Modern Russia

Makharadze D.M. Peculiarities of Participation of Russian Business Associations in the System of Government Decision-Making

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Plotnikov V.S., Dubrovina O.V. Russian Geopolitical Rapprochement with the East. Dialogue Partnership with ASEAN

Zhigulskaya D.V., Romanenko M.D. The Evolution of the Role of Islam in the Political Life of Turkey in the 20th Century

Novoselsky S.O., Antropova T.G., Gagarina I.Yu., Bulavina M.A. Features of Formation of Intellectual Capital in Russia as a Factor of Ensuring National Security Under Sanctions

Otarchiev A.M. Participation of the USSR in the Internal Political Life of China (1918-1927)

Gao Yue. Eatures of the Information Policy of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Golikov B.I. Chinese Project: "One Belt – One Road": Geopolitical and Economic Factors of Implementation

Gordeeva V.M. International Communication in the Era of the Global Crisis (on the Example of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea)

Grebnev R.D. Prerequisites for the Formation of the Indo-Pacific System of Regulation of International Relations in the Context of India's Foreign Policy

Zaytsev A.Y. The History of Studying the Role of Private Military Companies in International Armed Conflicts During the Cold War (1960-1980s)

Zinovin M.A., Danilov V.A. Impact of France's Sanctions Policy on the Energy Sector of the Country and Partners in the Face of China

Krasnova V.D. Chinese Solar Energy Development Background

Tao Zilong. Impact of Geopolitical Competition Between Regional and Extra-Regional Actors in the Caspian Sea Region on Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy

STUDENT SCIENCE

Akhatova N.V. Features of Leaking Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Perspective of Information War (2016-2021)

Balashov I.B., Shokhina Yu.O. The Prospects of the German-Chinese Economic Cooperation in the Changing World

Goretskaia E.M. Tools for Ensuring Energy Security in Modern Italy

Sun Yujia. International Political Theory: Main Development Trends

Yao Lingdong. The Regional Policy of the Arctic in the Foreign Policy of Russia and the United States

Kovtonyuk A.I. Anachronisms and Ethics of New Wars

HOW TO BECOME A SCIENTIST

Khutabah D.V. Talented Scientist, Teacher and Colleague

Our authors № 9-1-2023

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.001

XU LILI PhD student, Bishkek State University named after Karasaev, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

CLASH AND INTERACTION OF ETHICAL-POLITICAL IDEAS OF LAOZI AND KONGZI AS A PRACTICAL CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF ANCIENT CHINA

The article examines the influence of two philosophical-religious and ethical-political teachings of China: Taoism and Confucianism. An analysis of these teachings in connection with the formation of political culture is proposed, similarities and differences in the processes of their formation and development are highlighted, the attitude of Confucianism and Taoism to more ancient religious traditions is revealed. The analysis shows that Confucianism and Taoism have retained some of the principles of primitive religion. The author comes to the conclusion that the coexistence of these teachings resulted in the emergence of a kind of symbiosis of neo-Confucian and neo-Taoist teachings, the elements of influence of which are observed in modern China. The rules of "Xiao" or filial piety, as well as a number of other moral principles of Taoism, correspond to the principles of Confucianism. Both teachings are united by a number of more ancient traditional ethical and religious norms. Significant differences in religious terms are as follows: Taoism in its religious form is a typical variety of polytheism, while Confucianism rigidly constitutes the traditional uniting cult of the emperor and Heaven. The practical conceptual base of modern China in its foreign and domestic policy successfully combines the experience of the ethical-political and philosophical discourse of both schools under consideration.

Key words: Confucianism, Taoism, ideology, political philosophy, ethics, culture, politics, doctrine.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.002

G.A. NAGAEVA Cand. Sci. (Theory and History of Culture), Assos. Prof., Department of the Engineering Disciplines and Management, Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute (Branch), Kuban State Technological University, Novorossiysk, Russia

HISTORY OF THE FAMILY OF NOVOROSSIAN ENTREPRENEURS BOGDASAROV (FOLLOWING V.I. KOLESOV’S RESEARCH)

Formation of ideas about the socio-cultural features of the Russian province of the late XIX – early XX centuries. Is impossible without an analysis of the development of local entrepreneurship, the basis of which was the merchant class. Most often, the business was family-owned, so it is relevant to study the history of merchant families.

In the proposed article, the author examines the activities of the merchant family of the Bogdasarovs, who lived in the city of Novorossiysk in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In the course of writing the article, the author applied a retrospective method, as well as historical and interdisciplinary approaches.

In this work, directories and address-calendars were used, with the help of which the addresses of trade enterprises, the approximate amount of income and turnover, and the number of workers were determined. The materials of the Department of Archives of the Moscow Region of Novorossiysk helped to establish the exact composition of the Bogdasarov family, the degree of their participation in charity and public life. The regional periodicals of the time under consideration contributed to understanding the general trends in the development of the area.

As a result of the study, it was found that the basis of the Bogdasarov family business was manufacturing trade. The younger generation was also engaged in the production of beer, the sale of wine and spirits. The family took an active part in public life and charity.

Key words: Circassians, Bogdasarovs, merchant family, entrepreneurship, Novorossiysk, manufactured goods.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.003

S.S. SAZONOV Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF STATE BODIES TO COUNTERACT THE DRUG ADDICTION OF THE POPULATION IN THE 1990S

The article discusses the fact that the expansion of the use of narcotic drugs, the growth of drug trafficking and the number of drug crimes is causing increasing concern. The continuing deterioration of the situation in this area is becoming a strategic "threat to the future of the country".

Key words: crime, drugs, drug trafficking, government agencies, protection system.

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.004

M.V. OBIDIN Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF DIVIDING SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN MODERN RUSSIA

The article is devoted to an issue of social responsibility, its distribution between the state and civil society institutions, particularly Russian specifics of this distribution. As part of the consideration of the problem, a study is focused on attitude to social obligations within classical liberalism and social democracy framework, as far as they were theoretical foundations for social policy formation proses of post-Soviet Russia. Consideration of these paradigms made possible to identify main reasons of social dynamics in modern Russian society. Also this material allows to observe specifics of social assistance, provided by government or civil society in Russia and to predict further shifts that may occur in conditions of global crisis, forcing Russia to pursue an internal policy nether liberal, no social-democratic in a matter of current vision of social policy.

Key words: social policy, welfare state, social responsibility, liberalism, social democracy, solidarism, civil society.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.005

NIU RONGXUAN Master, faculty of sociology, Lomonosov moscow state university, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF A SINGLE RURAL-URBAN SPACE OF THE REGION

The formation of a single rural-urban space is the most important issue in the trend of urbanization of the population due to the factors of demography, globalization of inter-economic relations and integration of territories. The relevance of the research lies in the need to use a scientific approach to the integrative issues of urban and rural areas of attraction. The object of research is economic sociology; the subject of research is the integration of the city and the countryside as a significant factor in the development of modern public space. The purpose of the study is to reveal the substantive problems of the formation of a unified rural – urban space of the region, using generally recognized economic methods of scientific cognition. The study argues for the inevitability of the integration of the city and the countryside as a historically determined evolutionary process of globalization of public relations. There are four factors that determine the similarity and difference of urban and rural space, which, in turn, determine the effectiveness of the integration of the city and village.

Key words: sociology of urban space, integration of city and village, dualism of city and village, spatial justice, regional urbanization.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.006

A.A. CHEMSHIT D.Sc. (political science), Professor, Professor at the Department of Political Science, Institute of Social Sciences and International Relations, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia

MOTIVATION FOR POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN A LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

The article examines the problem of the legitimacy of the political organization of society. It is emphasized that institutional stability is determined by the consent of the people with the political decisions taken by the authorities. The issue of legitimization of the regime "from above" is being actualized. It is argued that an individual has an interest in political participation in the context of satisfying his vital needs. Particular importance is attached to the formation of the psychological dominant of an individual's behavior. Attention is focused on two main parameters of political participation: autonomous and mobilized. The article substantiates the position that the individual's feeling of himself as a political subject generates autonomous political participation. It is concluded that the field of autonomous participation in liberal democracy objectively narrows, which leads to a rigid type of centralized government.

Key words: political system, institutional legitimacy, psychological dominance, political participation, autonomous participation, mobilized participation, liberal democracy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.007

R.S. TIKHANOV Postgraduate student, Department of Political Science and Political Management, Institute of Social Sciences, RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

O.E. GRISHIN Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

S.I. POPOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE ELECTION PROCESS: ADVANTAGES AND RISKS

The study examines the modernization of the electoral process using modern digital technologies, which gives rise to many discussions about the need to implement such a new system. To identify the advantages and potential risks of using innovative technologies in the electoral process, the article classifies the types of electronic electoral systems and reviews the experience of using electronic voting in Russia.

Key words: electoral process, elections, digital technologies, innovations, electronic voting.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.008

A.N. BACHAMARDOV Postgraduate of the Department of political science and political administration of the RANEPA, Moscow, Russia

V.P. BELYAEVA Deputy director, State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow «School № 97», Moscow, Russia

INSTITUTIONAL SPECIFICITY OF THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE OF TAJIKISTAN

In this article, the authors analyzed the features of the public service as a political and legal institution. During the consideration of the topic in the system of statehood, the importance of this institution was noted. First of all, the focus of the study is the content of the civil service, its relationship with citizens and its role in the system of executive power.

One of the most important aspects considered by the authors is the application of the experience of neighboring countries and strategic partners. Obviously, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, each country, based on its national interests and priorities, determined the direction of its state. Meanwhile, a single model of civil service among the post-Soviet countries laid the foundation for joint integration. From this point of view, the reform and modernization of the civil service institution are considered against the background of external experience.

Key words: civil service, citizenship, executive power, foreign experience, institutional approach.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.009

M.L. CHELNOKOVA Educational psychologist, Lyceum of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

TECHNOLOGIES TO COUNTER THE DESTRUCTIVE INFLUENCE OF THE RUSSIAN NON-SYSTEMIC OPPOSITIONS IN RUNET

The article is dedicated to the algorithm and key technologies for countering destructive information flows of the RUnet generated by actors of the Russian non-systemic opposition. It is noted that with the beginning of a special military operation in Ukraine, the Russian non-systemic opposition has actually lost its own political subjectivity and acts as one of the instruments of external information pressure on Russia. The author's algorithm for countering non-systemic opposition in RUnet social media is proposed, which includes six stages: organizational, monitoring, expert-analytical, neutralizing, reformatting and reflexive. Four technological blocks of such counteraction are identified: reactive, preventive, reframing and inclusive.

Key words: non-systemic opposition, destructive information flow, counteraction technologies, «fakes», non-systemic actors, preventive technologies, monitoring.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.010

A.I. SERAVIN Applicant at the Northwestern Institute of Management (branch) RANEPA, Moscow, Russia

DISCOURSE OF DIGITALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, RISKS AND THREATS

The relevance and complexity of analyzing the processes of mutual influence of digitalization and democratization is caused by the inconsistency of public perception of the processes of introducing digital solutions and information technologies into the life of society. It would seem that digital technologies aimed at making life easier for society and improving the quality of life have influenced all processes of the functioning of society: social, economic, political, cultural. The modern citizen is increasingly immersed in the world of digital technology. Digitalization and technology have an active role in political processes, in the democratization of society, and in the interaction of political actors and citizens. The impact of digital technologies on social processes has resulted in the social risks of misinformation of society, the introduction of false impulses for social development, guided by economic and political global networks. These aspects are only partially touched upon in this article, since digital risks and threats to the stability of the development of social processes in many countries of the world are just becoming a reality.

Key words: digitalization, democratization, technology, social development, politics.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.011

T.A. EVSTRATOVA Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor, associate professor of the department modern state and municipal management Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian State Social University», Moscow, Russia

I.V. VORONTSOVA Senior lecturer of the department modern state and municipal management Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian State Social University», Moscow, Russia

S.O. NOVOSELSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Research Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Moscow, Russia

REGIONAL ASPECTS OF SPORTS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Introduction: the article examines regional aspects of the development of sports tourism as a direction in the evolution of the socio-economic space of the territory. Expanding the potential of sports tourism creates relevant locations for active recreation of the population, which helps relieve social tension in society and leads to the creation of a comfortable recreational environment. In the search for effective tools for managing human capital, government authorities should pay closer attention to the possibilities of sports tourism, the intensification of the development of which can create an effective impetus for promoting healthy lifestyle narratives and popularizing active recreation. The key feature of sports tourism is its diversity, which allows it to be integrated for the widest possible segments of the population. Certain areas of sports tourism can be comfortable for both physically fit youth and the older generation. In addition, the intensification of processes in the field of sports tourism is a driver for expanding the tourism and recreational potential of the region, which in turn allows attracting additional investments and generating a favorable image in the public consciousness.

Purpose and objectives: the purpose of the work is to consider regional aspects of the development of sports tourism in the existing tourist and recreational environment of the territory. Achieving the stated goal occurs in the process of solving the following tasks:

– formulate the essential characteristics of sports tourism and its key features;

– highlight the organizational basis for the development of sports tourism in the region;

– analyze the basic indicators of the development of sports tourism in the socio-economic space of the Kursk region.

Research results: the team of authors carried out an organizational and economic characterization of the development of sports tourism on the scale of the socio-economic system of the Kursk region, including the diagnosis of a number of key indicators and a description of functional cause-and-effect relationships. The results of the study can be used by government authorities to develop and implement initiatives in the fairway to increase the attractiveness of the tourist and recreational potential of the territory and build a comfortable social space.

Key words: sports tourism, regional development, tourist and recreational potential, Kursk region, tourism, tourist resources, sports.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.012

M.F. MAGADIEV Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Strategic Communications and public administration Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN CONDITIONS OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY OF MODERN RUSSIA

Complex challenges related to the national security of the Russian Federation require constant improvement of public administration mechanisms. This article is devoted to the analysis of public-private partnerships as an important tool of public administration in the field of ensuring national security of Russia at the present stage. Within the framework of this study, the author, based on specific examples and the current external and internal political situation, consistently determines the relevance of developing cooperation between the state and business in such areas as information and food security, the fight against transnational crime, the protection of critical infrastructure and the military-industrial complex.

Key words: security, public administration, public-private partnership, PPP, Russia, sanctions, Special military operation in Ukraine.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.013

D.M. MAKHARADZE Postgraduated student of the Department of Political Analysis, School of Public administration Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

PECULIARITIES OF PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIAN BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT DECISION-MAKING

The article deals with the problems of formation of the modern system of participation of business associations in the processes of public decision-making in Russia. Russian business associations emerge to articulate and protect the interests of the entrepreneurial community, and today they represent the most involved group of interests in the processes of elaboration and adoption of state decisions. It is shown that the involvement of Russian business associations in the interaction with public authorities had a contradictory character and was largely due to the peculiarities of the development of Russian statehood. The article substantiates the conclusion that the Russian model of interaction between the state and business associations is developing as a corporatist model, characterized by the identification of key associations, which occupy a leading position in interaction with the state. The trends in the development of this model are outlined, the main of which is to improve the quality of interaction between business associations and the state in the context of various political and economic changes in the external environment. We also analyze the main problems that hinder the formalization and institutionalization of such interaction, such as the lack of a fixed status of Russian business associations and legal framework for their activities, which is fraught with continuing difficulties for the stable balanced nature of these relationships.

Key words: Business associations, government decision-making system, representation of interests, business community, lobbying, GR-technologies, neo-corporativism.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.014

V.S. PLOTNIKOV PhD in Social Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Customs Siberian State Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia

O.V. DUBROVINA Doctor of Political Sciences, Full Professor, Professor of the Political Science and Political Management Department, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN GEOPOLITICAL RAPPROCHEMENT WITH THE EAST. DIALOGUE PARTNERSHIP WITH ASEAN

The article is devoted to the dialogue partnership between Russia and ASEAN. The purpose of the article is to show the need for Russia's geopolitical rapprochement with the East, the importance of finding partners in the Asia-Pacific region.

The events that took place in the world at the end of the 20th century and in the first quarter of the 21st century led to a complete change in the architecture of the world and required Russia to turn to the East. In the new geopolitical space, Russia is focused on multilateral and bilateral cooperation within the Asia-Pacific region, and the dialogue partnership with ASEAN and its member countries is emphasized.

The article analyzes the main levels and fields of cooperation, shows country specifics of interaction and geoeconomic competition considering that China, the USA and Japan are the main foreign trade partners of the ASEAN countries. In this context, it is important for Russia to take and maintain a worthy place in the Asia-Pacific region.

Key words: geopolitics, geoeconomics, dialogue partnership, ASEAN.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.015

D.V. ZHIGULSKAYA Doctor of Science (History), Senior Lecturer at the Oriental Political Studies Department of the Faculty of Global Processes of Moscow Lomonosov State University, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

M.D. ROMANENKO Master of Science in International relations, Faculty of International relations of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF ISLAM IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF TURKEY IN THE 20TH CENTURY

The issue of the relationship between religion and politics in contemporary societies occupies a key place in global humanitarian science. Of particular interest is Islam, which experienced a dramatic political revitalization in the 1980s, even giving rise to the term "political Islam," the substance and application of which are still debated amongst the academic community. This article uses the term in its widest sense to mean the totality of diverse political movements, ideological currents and government policies striving to give Islam an influence on political processes.

Turkey is an interesting example of the intermittent evolution of the role of political Islam, from the total subjugation of religion to the state in the early republican period to the victory of the Islamist 'Welfare Party' in the 1995 general election, followed again by a sharp contraction in the role of religion after the post-modernist coup in 1997 and subsequent stable growth under the 'Justice and Development Party' from 2002 to the present day.

The article breaks down the evolution of the role of Islam in Turkey during the 20th century into a series of periods and identifies the key characteristics of each. Summing up, it states that globalization and modernization of Turkish society have engendered a need for a modern Islam embracing the concepts of political democracy, religious tolerance, the rule of law and a free market economy. This distinguishes Turkey from other countries in the Middle East, where modernist interpretations of Islam have been unable to overcome deep-rooted religious conservatism.

Key words: Republic of Turkey, political Islam, Kemalism, N. Erbakan, Millî Görüş movement.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.016

S.O. NOVOSELSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Scientific Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations of the ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Moscow, Russia

T.G. ANTROPOVA Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of International Economic Relations of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University», Kazan, Russia

I.YU. GAGARINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Basic and Additional Educational Programs of the UMU RANEPA, Moscow, Russia

M.A. BULAVINA Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Vice-Rector for Scientific Work of the ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF FORMATION OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL IN RUSSIA AS A FACTOR OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY UNDER SANCTIONS

Introduction: the article discusses the features of the formation of intellectual capital in Russia in conditions of global instability. The team of authors concludes that given the current geopolitical situation, it is necessary to greatly increase the intensity of solving the problem of ensuring national security. At the same time, it is important to understand that national security is a complex and multifaceted concept, the provision of which requires the involvement of a wide range of areas of public policy. One of the most pressing factors in achieving national security is expanding the potential of sovereign intellectual capital. In the conditions of a hybrid war, the importance of the formation of intellectual capital increases many times, which requires constant improvement of approaches to its management. From the perspective of ensuring the maximum level of national security, the importance of intellectual capital can be expressed in the following functions: educational, which consists in organizing the patriotic and spiritual and moral education of the younger generation; scientific, forming the foundation for the development of sovereign scientific potential and generating achievements of scientific and technological progress; educational, which consists of increasing the general level of education of society and its ability for evolutionary development; professional, training of qualified personnel for the national labor market, taking into account the current technological formation.

Purpose and objectives: the purpose of the work is to study the features of the formation of intellectual capital in Russia as a factor in ensuring national security under sanctions. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

– justify the relevance of managing the country’s intellectual capital in conditions of global instability and geopolitical pressure;

– perform diagnostics of key indicators of the functioning of the educational environment for the development of intellectual capital in the Russian Federation;

– characterize the dynamics of the integral index of the level of education and qualifications;

– analyze the degree of development of the intellectual potential of the teaching environment in the higher education system of the Russian Federation.

Results: in the work, the team of authors examined the key aspects of the formation of intellectual capital in Russia as a factor in ensuring national security under sanctions. The main focus of the study is aimed at characterizing the educational and scientific segments of intellectual capital. In the noted fairway, a diagnosis of key indicators of the functioning of the educational environment for the development of intellectual capital in the Russian Federation was carried out, an analysis was made of the degree of development of the intellectual potential of the teaching environment in the higher education system, an assessment was made of the dynamics of the integral index of the level of education and qualifications, as well as the dynamics of investments in fixed capital in the field of scientific research and developments. The generalizations made in the work make it possible to create an up-to-date information base for increasing the quality of management decision-making in the focus of expanding the potential of national intellectual capital.

Key words: intellectual capital, education, sanctions, national security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.018

A.M. OTARCHIEV Postgraduate student, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Institute of International Relations, Kazan, Russia

PARTICIPATION OF THE USSR IN THE INTERNAL POLITICAL LIFE OF CHINA (1918-1927)

The article examines the participation of the USSR in the internal political life of China from 1918 until the severance of diplomatic relations between China and the USSR in 1927. The relevance of the study is due to the strengthening of the People's Republic of China in the international arena. An analysis of the factors of strengthening the leading position of the PRC was carried out. It is noted that the formation of the modern Chinese system in the 20s of the 20th century and the Chinese socialist state were influenced by relations with the USSR. It has been determined that the Soviet Union not only actively helped the formation of communist China, but also took an active role in the unification of national liberation movements, and also took a direct part in the creation of the Kuomintang. The contradictions that were brewing in the Kuomintang in the struggle for power were revealed. It is concluded that despite the rupture of diplomatic relations, the subsequent serious support of the USSR (military, financial, foreign and domestic) for the communist policies of China contributed to the formation of Chinese statehood. At the same time, the national-patriotic goals of the National Government of China gradually took a course towards cooperation, political stability and participation in international affairs.

Key words: civil war in China, Soviet Union, confrontation, uprising, Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yatsen, government, split, party.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.019

GAO YUE PhD student Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

EATURES OF THE INFORMATION POLICY OF THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION

The article is devoted to the policy of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to counteract the dangerous growth of organized international crime, tendencies towards extremism, terrorism and separatism that intensified at the turn of the century. Special attention is paid to information protection against cybercrime, it is emphasized that in order to ensure effective interaction in the field of information and communication technology, it is necessary to focus on a multi-vector approach in order to successfully combat international cyber attacks, which is impossible without coordination and joint efforts of all SCO members.

Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, information, security, cyberspace, technology, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.020

B.I. GOLIKOV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE PROJECT: "ONE BELT – ONE ROAD": GEOPOLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF IMPLEMENTATION

This article analyzes the essence of the Chinese initiative "One Belt, One Road", as well as the geopolitical and economic factors of the project development. The conducted research revealed that the PRC offers the idea of beneficial cooperation, integration of open and friendly states based on Chinese traditions and values.

Key words: One belt – One road Initiative, China, economic corridors.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.021

V.M. GORDEEVA Teacher of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Civil Service, Primorsky branch, Vladivostok, Russia

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE ERA OF THE GLOBAL CRISIS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA)

This article examines the communicative relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea during the period of its presence in Ukraine and the previous COVID-19 pandemic at the level of public diplomacy. The importance of informal relations between states is theoretically substantiated. In addition, international communication relations between the city of Vladivostok and the Republic of Korea are analyzed on the basis of cultural events held in the period from 2017 to 2023.

The main purpose of the research described in this article is to establish positive or negative dynamics in the diplomatic relations of the above-mentioned countries on the basis of people's diplomacy, as well as understanding the mutual influence of people's and official diplomacy. The research methods are general scientific and general logical methods. Based on the conducted research, it is concluded that people's and official diplomacy are relatively independent of each other, and relations between Russia and South Korea at the level of people's diplomacy, despite the difficult international situation, remain.

Key words: international communication, constructive/destructive communication relations, public diplomacy, transnationalism, digital diplomacy, Republic of Korea.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.022

R.D. GREBNEV Candidate of judicial sciences, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba Legal Councilor, Moscow, Russia

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC SYSTEM OF REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIA'S FOREIGN POLICY

The relevance of the study of the prerequisites for the formation of the Indo-Pacific regional system of regulation of international relations is justified by the evolution of the Indian foreign policy paradigm in the context of the development of a polycentric system of international relations.

The aim of the study is to identify internal and external factors that determine each other and influence India's pragmatic foreign policy, which is focused on achieving the status of India as a regional power and the center of the emerging regional system of regulation of international relations in the Indo-Pacific region.

To solve research problems, systemic, actor, geopolitical and geoeconomic methodological approaches were applied. The study also used the linguistic-legal method in interpreting the constitutional and legal norms that establish the principles of the state structure and the priorities of the state policy of the Republic of India, as well as the comparative method in studying the approaches of India and other actors of the regionalization of political processes to the implementation of the concept of multipolarity.

As a result of the study, the following main conclusions were substantiated. The Republic of India is a promising candidate for achieving the status of the center of the Indo-Pacific regional system for regulating international relations, capable of responsibly representing the interests of the entire region in a multipolar world. The political system of India can be used as a model of the Indo-Pacific regional system for regulating international relations.

The prerequisites for the formation of India's special status in a multipolar world are: the pragmatic nature of India's foreign policy focused on the development of regional leadership; India's geopolitical subjectivity arising as a result of rapid economic development; intuitively understandable to representatives of Indian culture organicism in matters of state development; backlog of decentralized state administration and non-legal regulation of public relations; the national identity of India, which implies a combination of attitudes towards the preservation of cultural identity and the recognition of cultural pluralism.

Key words: foreign policy of India, Indo-Pacific region, regionalization of political processes, decentralized global regulation of international relations, polycentricity, multipolarity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.023

A.Y. ZAYTSEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE HISTORY OF STUDYING THE ROLE OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS DURING THE COLD WAR (1960-1980s)

From a scientific point of view, private military companies are an extremely interesting and, at the same time, relatively little-studied phenomenon. More and more scientific works of experts in the field of military security, jurisprudence and international relations appear on the subject of research.

The present study, which was written using various general scientific methods, is descriptive and theoretical in nature. This is the first scientific work analyzing the sources of the 1960s-1980s, which consider private companies of a military nature. This period is of great scientific interest, as scientific understanding and understanding of the role and place of private military companies in armed conflicts is just beginning to take shape.

In the works under consideration, the authors analyze the effectiveness of private military companies in the field of technical support and training of army units, and for the first time study the possibility of involving these structures by states in their interests.

As a result of writing the work, we can say that the period of the 1960s-1980s is the beginning of the scientific study of the phenomenon of PMCs and consideration of various problems related to the participation of PMCs in armed conflicts. At the same time, the term "private military companies" appears in the scientific literature.

Key words: private military companies, military enterprises, private military companies, PMCs, armed conflict, military enterprises, national interests, national security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.024

M.A. ZINOVIN Master's student, "International Relations" of the Russian, Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

V.A. DANILOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Theory and History of International Relations, director of the center for applied analysis of international transformations of RUDN named after. P. Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

IMPACT OF FRANCE'S SANCTIONS POLICY ON THE ENERGY SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY AND PARTNERS IN THE FACE OF CHINA

The purpose of this scientific article is to study the state of the French energy sector before the introduction of sanctions and the consequences of France's sanctions policy against Russia. The work will analyze the volumes of French electricity exports and imports in 2012-2013 and 2022, as well as the reaction of French nuclear energy to external challenges, such as France’s participation in sanctions against Russia. As a result of the study, possible strategies will be proposed to minimize possible problems in the French energy sector, based on the current political environment and socio-economic conditions.

Key words: foreign policy, sanctions, Russia, France, China, cooperation, energy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.025

V.D. KRASNOVA PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, faculty of global studies, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND

The article considers the essence and features of the development of renewable solar energy in China, the prerequisites for its occurrence. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems and prospects for the development of solar energy in China. During the study, the following methods were applied: historical analysis, a systematic approach, analysis of statistical data, as well as a number of other general scientific methods. Based on the analysis, the author concluded that solar renewable energy has a number of competitive advantages, is actively used in China and will increase its growth rate in the foreseeable future.

Key words: solar energy, renewable energy, China, climate change.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.026

TAO ZILONG PhD, Department of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IMPACT OF GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION BETWEEN REGIONAL AND EXTRA-REGIONAL ACTORS IN THE CASPIAN SEA REGION ON KAZAKHSTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY

The Caspian Sea, located in Eurasia, is the core of the Central Asian-Caspian region, which is unique in geopolitical terms and has historically been a "hotbed" of rivalry between nations and powers. More importantly, in the 21st century, the Caspian region remains the most strategically important "world energy treasure trove", and its rich oil and gas resources attract countries from around the world to participate in energy competition in the region. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, five independent sovereign states (Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) were formed on the territory of the Caspian region, which brings us to the essence of the issue of demarcation of the Caspian region borders, i.e. determination of its legal status. The uncertainty of the legal status of the Caspian Sea will have a significant impact on the use of water resources and exploitation of oil resources. Therefore, the legal status of the Caspian Sea and how it should be divided is a major concern for countries around the world. On August 12, 2018, the presidents of the five Caspian littoral states – Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan – signed the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea in the western city of Aktau in Kazakhstan, which fully takes into account the legal status of the Caspian Sea.

This convention clarifies the rights and obligations of the countries, taking full account of the real needs of the littoral states for political stability, as well as the real issues of promoting the development of the Caspian Sea region and protecting the region's natural resources. Kazakhstan borders the Caspian Sea to the west, so the Caspian Sea region has an important political, economic and environmental impact on Kazakhstan. In general, the geopolitical competition between the Caspian Sea region and extra-regional actors has a significant impact on Kazakhstan's foreign policy. By pursuing a diversified foreign policy, Kazakhstan tends to seek a balance with various powers and maximize its own national interests.

Key words: Geopolitical competition, regional games, foreign policy.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.027

N.V. AKHATOVA Master in International Relations SZIU RANEPA, St. Petersburg, Russia

FEATURES OF LEAKING NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INFORMATION WAR (2016-2021)

The largest and most extensive conflict in the post-Soviet territory has become the most significant obstacle to peace and political stability in the South Caucasus. The difficulties of overcoming the ethnopolitical conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh are due to a variety of ethnopolitical factors, including the high level of geopolitical tension and instability in the South Caucasus, the continuing economic and political difficulties of the countries of the region. This article will consider this conflict from the perspective of the information war, which plays a special role in the course of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Methodological foundations of the research. The research is based on general methods of scientific cognition, which include the principle of scientific objectivity, description, generalization, comparison and analysis, as well as specific methods that can be applied in political research, such as the method of document analysis, synchronous and diachronic methods, content analysis.

Key words: information war, information technology propaganda, counter-propaganda, ideology, armed conflict, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.028

I.B. BALASHOV Undergraduate student, Faculty of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

YU.O. SHOKHINA Undergraduate student, Faculty of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE PROSPECTS OF THE GERMAN-CHINESE ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE CHANGING WORLD

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in 2022-2023. The Federal Republic of Germany is in the midst of an energy crisis that risks developing into a structural crisis of the economy. In parallel, Germany declares its refusal to expand cooperation with the People's Republic of China. Large-scale economic cooperation between Germany and China and its possible immediate prospects have been studied. Both the political and economic components of the relationship between Germany and China are comprehensively analyzed, as well as the possibility of developing relations of complex interdependence between Germany and the PRC and the prospects for the development of Russian-Chinese ties. The political, economic, and military aspects of the relationship between Germany and China, including existing problems, are consistently examined. It is concluded that with proper allocation of resources, Russia may in the future gain priority over Germany in the structure of China's foreign economy. In addition, Russia is a more important political partner for China than Germany. Regarding the prospects for interaction between Germany and China, the forecast is negative. The trend of the emerging “German-Chinese cooperation pie” is gradually becoming less and less significant.

Key words: Germany, China, complex interdependence, business-as-usual, conditionality, investment cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.029

E.M. GORETSKAIA Master's student at the Faculty of International Relations St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

TOOLS FOR ENSURING ENERGY SECURITY IN MODERN ITALY

The article deals with the problems of energy policy and security as a component of the national security of any country on the example of Italy. The purpose of the study is to create a general idea of the trends in energy policy over the past two decades. The author set himself the task of reviewing the general issues and management tools in the field of energy used to ensure energy security, the task of reviewing the energy balance of the region and the recent revision of priorities in energy policy. The study was carried out using methods of generalization and systematization based on materials from Russian and foreign sources published in 2015-2023. The author focuses on the fact that scientific and technological progress, the functioning of production and its development, and the economy as such depend on the success of the fuel and energy complex. The energy policy determines the foreign and domestic policy of the country, the nature and independence of the decisions made, including within the framework of associations of countries. The article provides practical examples of Italy's application of risk management tools in the process of ensuring energy security. It is concluded that the country's proactive position and ability to relatively quickly change priorities in energy policy are in line with the interests of national security, taking into account the vector of European integration. The government clearly follows the chosen energy strategy, applies various risk management tools and fulfills the obligations assumed by the country, despite the country's high energy dependence and a large need for energy resources amid a deteriorating economic situation. Questions about the cost of changing energy policy priorities for Italian taxpayers and households, the short-term and long-term impact of the rejection of Russian energy carriers on the Italian economy, are seen as promising areas for further research in a number of related sciences.

Key words: RES, renewable energy sources, Italy, risk management, energy, energy security, energy balance, energy security, energy dialogue, energy system, sanctions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.030

SUN YUJIA Master, the Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL THEORY: MAIN DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

Nowadays the study of international politics has a truly global character. Political relations between states should be studied in the context of various theories, which together constitute the theory of international politics. Among the numerous theories of international relations, the most fundamental one is the the realistic theory. In this article the author analyzes two types of realism as a theory of international relations: the theory of classical realism and the theory of neorealism. The author addresses the issue of the formation of classical realism by appealing to the founders of realist political theory. In addition, the author examines the principles of the constructivist theory of political relations, which is a social theory that argues that important aspects of international relations are shaped by ideological postulates rather than simply material factors.

Key words: international politics, international relations, realism, neo-realism, constructivism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.031

YAO LINGDONG Master's student, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonoso, Moscow, Russia

THE REGIONAL POLICY OF THE ARCTIC IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES

The complex geopolitical situation in the world has only emphasized the importance and importance of the Arctic region on the global world stage. The Arctic turned out to be the desired point where it is possible to build up military and political power most quickly by means of mastering transport corridors and communication routes. Another equally important reason for increasing the attractiveness of the Arctic region was the reduction in the volume of ice, which opened up new opportunities for the extraction of natural resources, in particular 22% of the world's oil and gas reserves, presumably located under the waters of the Arctic, in addition to the possibility of mining minerals, diamonds, iron ore and gold. The strategic importance of the Arctic region is also attached to the location at the shortest point for a nuclear missile strike by the Russian Federation and the United States.

Key words: Arctic region, foreign policy, relations between Russia and the United States, rivalry of powers, security, confrontation of world powers, foreign policy of Russia and the United States in the Arctic region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.032

A.I. KOVTONYUK Student of the School of Governance and Politics at MGIMO, Moscow, Russia

ANACHRONISMS AND ETHICS OF NEW WARS

War and the ethical problematics of this phenomenon in terms of the new political reality and spatial relation occupy an exceptional position and are of interest from scientific and practical point of view. Being an anachronism, war in Russian literature is considered primarily from the perspective of international relations and history, while the "new wars" are in the plane of ethics and philosophy requiring analysis of its new role. In addition, the subject field of research and the renewal of the nature of war in the XX century due to the transformation of the just war theory raise questions about its ethical component. At the same time, the linguistic concepts of the military and political discourse are being blurred, and as a result of the use of the latest technologies and the widespread of PMCs, cyberattacks and robotic systems while waging "new wars", an accurate definition of the actors of military operations is becoming impossible, while the status of hostilities acquires the character of a grey zone from the point of view of international law.

Key words: new and old wars, anachronisms, ethics of new wars, transformation of wars, hybrid warfare as a new generation of wars, the ethics of armed conflicts, postmodern wars.

HOW TO BECOME A SCIENTIST

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97-1.9-1.033

D.V. KHUTABAH Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State and Law Abkhaz State University, Sukhum, Abkhazia

TALENTED SCIENTIST, TEACHER AND COLLEAGUE

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Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 13, Issue 8-2 (96-2), 2023

CONTENTS

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Petropolsky D.I. Political Leadership Classical and Modern Approaches to Understanding

Chemshit D.A. Distribution of National Resources as a Functional Aspect of Modernization Crises

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

Chizhik K.V. Working with Human Resources in Social Security Departments Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra in 1960-1980

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Astvatsaturova M.A. Patriotic Values of Politics and the Politics of Patriotic Values in Modern Russian Society

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Poyarkov R.A. The Impact of Globalization on the Political System of the Modern State

Kovalev M.K. Features and Mechanisms for Implementing the State Information Policy of the Russian Federation

Vlasov M.Ya. The Need for Introducing Federal Regulation Experience Into Regional Image Projects

Garin I.Yu. Political and Civic Participation of Youth in the Context of Defining the Contour of the Future

Musayev M.T. National Ideology as a Factor of Society Stability in the Era of Globalization

Parmanov S.A. Ideal Foundations for Increasing the Political Culture of Youth of Uzbekistan

Khabarov I.A. "Cherry Orchards" and "The Mastering Man": Some Examples of the Reorganization of Symbolic Power in the 20th Century Locality

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Minchenkov E.N. Lobbyism as Democratic Practices of a Federal State

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Suleymanov A.R. Managing Stakeholders of Eurasian Integration: Problem Statement

Shupletsova K.V., Pisarenko S.S. Japanese Vision of the Indo-Pacific Space

Monge R.V. Legal Grounds and Participation Dynamics of the Tuva Republic in Russian Foreign Economic Relations

Pavlov N.R., Slabov E.A. Countering Network Terrorism in the Context of the Formation of the Information Society

Aliev R.A., Chernykh N.A. Dynamics of Chemical Pollution in the Northern Caspian Sea in the Context of Environmental Security and Sustainable Development of the Region

Kuronov U.M. Global Manifestation of Destructive Threats and Totalitarian Sects

Pesochin A.M. Political Interaction of the Russian Federation and South Africa: Bilateral and Multilateral Formats

STUDENT SCIENCE

Kupalov-Yaropolk A.I. The Indigenous Population of French Guiana in the XXI Century: the Dark Realities of Globalization

Liu Ying. Environmental NGO Research in Kazakhstan

Our authors № 8-2-2023

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.001

D.I. PETROPOLSKY Development Director of YURMP LLC, applicant, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP CLASSICAL AND MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING

Within the framework of this study, the views of various classical and contemporary scholars on understanding the essence and content of the phenomenon of political leadership are reviewed. The problem of studying this topic is that so far there has not been a unified approach to the definition of political leadership in the scientific political environment. A rather wide variety of points of view among political scientists has led to the identification of classical theories of political leadership, which can intertwine with each other, complement each other, but at the same time, in some contemporaries' circles, be perceived as opposite.

Objective: to identify the key advantages and disadvantages of classical and contemporary approaches to understanding the essence of political leadership and to come to a conclusion about which approach is most appropriate to use, perhaps it is best to combine several approaches and put forward a new definition of political leadership, taking into account the advantages of various scientific theories.

Tasks: to consider the scientific approaches of classical scholars to leadership in politics; to study the views of contemporaries on political leadership; to characterize the main advantages and disadvantages of various theories; to formulate the author's own definition of political leadership.

Methods: description, generalization, synthesis, abstraction, idealization, deduction, induction, systematization, research, comparison.

Results: the most famous classical and modern approaches to the definition of the essence and content of the phenomenon of political leadership in the science of political science are highlighted; the author's definition of political leadership is formulated.

Conclusions: throughout the existence of the phenomenon of political leadership, starting from the period of antiquity and ending with the modern digitalization period of the development of political thought, the phenomenon of political leadership has evolved. The evolution of views on political leadership has gone from the perception of a political leader as a hero in ancient times to the formation of his digital image in modern political theory. As a result, the phenomenon of political leadership in its modern interpretation has absorbed various aspects of classical approaches (the theory of heroism, divinity, the great man, the theory of traits, etc.) in their connection with the activity of politicians in the Internet environment.

Key words: politics, leader, scientist, theory, approach, evolution, views, classical, modern, leadership.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.002

D.A. CHEMSHIT Candidate of political sciences, Docent of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Law Institute of the Federal State Educational Institution, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia

DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL RESOURCES AS A FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF MODERNIZATION CRISES

The article considers the distribution of resources within society as a basic function of the political system. It is noted that the nature of the distribution of national resources reflects the degree of effectiveness of political functioning. It is emphasized that political systems that are at the stage of modernization inevitably experience a crisis of resource allocation. The last thesis concerns the strategic level. The reasons for the distribution crisis in modernizing societies and at the tactical level are also indicated. We are talking about the imperfection of the mechanisms of social security and the inefficiency of profit redistribution within society. A generalizing conclusion is made about the permanent nature of the crisis of resource allocation in transitional societies.

Key words: functions of the political system, transitional political systems, national resources, political modernization, dysfunctions of political systems.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.003

K.V. CHIZHIK Teacher, Surgut State University, Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Russia

WORKING WITH HUMAN RESOURCES IN SOCIAL SECURITY DEPARTMENTS KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS OKRUG-YUGRA IN 1960-1980

The article discusses the state policy of the USSR in the issue of training personnel to work in social security departments. Thanks to the analysis of archival documents, the author identified such problems as: ignorance by employees of legislation aimed at ensuring social guarantees, frequent turnover of personnel in the field and formalism in work. Based on the principle of historicism, the author was able to identify the characteristic conditions for the development of the state personnel policy and its impact on a certain territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. The relevance of the article is given by the fact that there are no works on this topic in the territory under consideration.

Methods: logical, historical, objectivity, analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative.

Conclusions: Thanks to the guidelines of the Ministry of Social Security of the RSFSR and the systematic work of the district, city and district departments, it was possible to significantly improve the general education and qualification level of personnel and, as a result, eliminate a number of existing problems.

Key words: social policy, state policy, social security, personnel policy, social security, education, professional development.

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.004

M.A. ASTVATSATUROVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Director, Chief Researcher of the Scientific and Educational Center for Political and Ethnopolitical Studies of Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk, Russia

PATRIOTIC VALUES OF POLITICS AND THE POLITICS OF PATRIOTIC VALUES IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY

The article is devoted to the understanding of patriotism not only as a moral value, but more as a political ideology demanded by the Russian political class and Russian society in the context of geopolitical risks and challenges. The conditions and factors of strengthening the civic patriotism of Russians are highlighted on the basis of traditional Russian principles of relations between the state and society, in which the priorities of state interests are obvious. The resources of the formation of a value-based political-patriotic platform for the consolidation of society through the implementation of a targeted doctrinal political and managerial discourse are considered. In the course of the political analysis, the circumstances of the patriotic self-identification of Russian citizens are recorded and at the same time, the problems and contradictions of the "passion for patriotism" as an alternative ideology for the development of Russian society are identified.

Key words: geopolitical challenges and risks, Russia, patriotism, patriotic self-identification, Russian civic identity, value-based political and patriotic platform, political and managerial discourse.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.005

R.A. POYARKOV Post-graduate student, Central Russian Institute of Management – branch, Russia, Orel; founder, R Group LLC, Moscow, Russia

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE MODERN STATE

The modern world is developing in the context of globalization, which carries not only positive factors, but also a huge number of threats to society and the development of the state. Along with digitalization, networking and robotization of economic processes, new risks associated with the substitution of ideological values among the population, the development of negative political trends, extremism and other phenomena are coming to the country. In this regard, it is of interest to study the concept of globalization and the factors contributing to its penetration into all aspects of the modern state, affecting the political situation in society, changing approaches and ideologies in the governance of the country. At the same time, many politicians are adherents of globalist ideas, believing that it is this concept that underlies the development of the modern state. However, these ideas should penetrate the political system of the state in a very dosed manner, taking into account the peculiarities of their own state and the risks associated with their introduction into political processes.

The article describes the concept of globalization and its impact on the political development of the modern state. The positive and negative sides are presented, as well as the opportunities that the state can use from this concept in the development of its own political structure.

Key words: globalization, political structure, networking, digitalization, influence, system, development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.006

M.K. KOVALEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES AND MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE STATE INFORMATION POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article discusses the main mechanisms for the implementation of the state information policy of Russia (SIP RF) on the external and internal contours. The author analyzes legal, political, administrative and other means of regulating the information space. In conclusion, the features of the implementation of the SIP RF are highlighted.

Key words: state information policy, social media, political communications, Internet.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.007

M.Ya. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

THE NEED FOR INTRODUCING FEDERAL REGULATION EXPERIENCE INTO REGIONAL IMAGE PROJECTS

The article discusses various approaches to understanding the term "power", the features and conditions of its implementation in modern society. The purpose of the work is to identify the characteristic features of the Russian model of government. The objectives of the study are to give a historiographical description of the management of the Russian Federation in tsarist times; to characterize modern management trends based on the information received; to explain the crisis of the Russian management model in certain regions of the Russian Federation; to characterize the influence of the management model on the implementation of image projects; to develop practical recommendations for optimizing the Russian management system. When writing the work, the author used such methods as analysis and synthesis of information, deduction, induction, comparison and systematization of facts, scientific modeling, as well as the method of historiography. In conclusion, the author provides ways to modernize the Russian management model taking into account the current political situation, foreign and domestic historical experience.

Key words: management model, power, politics, political image, personnel rotation, state, bureaucratization, corruption.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.008

I.Yu. GARIN Director of the Center for Monitoring and Prevention of Deviant Behavior Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

POLITICAL AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH IN THE CONTEXT OF DEFINING THE CONTOUR OF THE FUTURE

The article analyzes the problems of youth policy in the context of the crisis global economy and management, which is of an ideological nature. The global socio-economic crisis is especially acute in the context of the transformation social structures, the formation of new values, attitudes and norms in society. These factors have a significant impact on the youth environment as the most receptive to social and cultural innovations. The study, using the example of Western European countries and Germany in particular, analyzes the state of political and civic participation of young people in political processes, highlights the main directions of the process of political participation and joint production of politics as the basis of a modern democratic model of politics. The article notes that participatory management of social processes is aimed at deepening the content of civic participation, incl. youth. Based on the interpretation of the results of sociological research, the article draws a conclusion about the high level of distrust of young people in the current political model of governance, the low level of political participation in traditional party-political institutions, and the high level of absenteeism. At the same time, there is a high level of civic participation of the youth of Germany in public social and political actions (60% of high school students) dedicated to actions to protect the environment and climate, the requirements of social justice. The article notes a high level of European identification of young people, despite cultural and national differences, the influence of the factor of the country of origin. The main socio-demographic data of the youth of Germany are presented.

Key words: political participation, civic participation, youth, youth policy, youth socialization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.009

M.T. MUSAYEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Head of Department Institute for Social and Spiritual Research at the Republican Center for Spirituality and Enlightenment, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

NATIONAL IDEOLOGY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIETY STABILITY IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION

This article pays attention to the social, political and democratic factors in the formation of national ideology. The article outlines the issues of forming ideological immunity as the basis for ensuring security and stability in society and their relationship. The thoughts of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the dangers of alien and destructive ideas and attacks are outlined, the factors, directions, forms, methods and consequences of illegal ideologies, as well as ways to combat them are outlined.

Key words: national ideology, globalization, threat, society, tolerance, mass culture, subculture, traditions and customs, morality, value, spirituality, social development, ideological education, factor, religion, information.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.010

S.A. PARMANOV Senior Lecturer, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan

IDEAL FOUNDATIONS FOR INCREASING THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF YOUTH OF UZBEKISTAN

In this state, the effectiveness of the formation of the political culture of youth in ensuring high development of the state and society, the forms and methods of effective mechanisms for increasing awareness of political processes are analyzed. The author analyzes the state policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan to support youth, turning them into a new force capable of becoming a source of reforms and ensuring prosperity countries in the future. The study analyzed a number of objective circumstances that impede the effective implementation of youth policy. The study made it possible to formulate priority tasks that need to be solved to achieve the goals of state youth policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Key words: Uzbekistan, development, youth, political culture, direction, state youth policy, youth, young family, young specialist, youth entrepreneurship.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.011

I.А. KHABAROV Candidate of Political Science, Director of the Center for Relations with Public Institutions of the Department for Strategic Communications, Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov, Russia

"CHERRY ORCHARDS" AND "THE MASTERING MAN": SOME EXAMPLES OF THE REORGANIZATION OF SYMBOLIC POWER IN THE 20TH CENTURY LOCALITY

The relevance of studying the transformation of the living spaces of modern communities through a mastering action as a political act is dictated by the need for further understanding of universalist concepts that have become widespread popular models of political behavior. Referring to the circumstances of generating symbolic power as the most important dimension of the political process of localities is useful from the standpoint of a comprehensive consideration of the rotation of the respective elites and political regimes. Referring to the cases of the XX century allows us to clearly assess the features of the development model in a historical perspective. The purpose of the presented article is to consider individual characteristic examples of the realization of the symbolic potential of subjects mastering the political space of localities, related to the last century – the time of the formation of the development of this model. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to consistently solve the problems of studying the applied management of symbols in politics, assessing the potential of symbolic practices for political involvement and exclusion, considering examples of the use of symbolic power in the struggle for the political space of localities in the XX century. The research uses scientific methods of analogy, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. According to the results of the study, conclusions are presented regarding the strategic and tactical aspects of the implementation of symbolic power by the subjects of the development model on a local scale.

Key words: symbolic power, space, locality, community, development, self-organization.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.012

E.N. MINCHENKOV Postgraduate student, Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

LOBBYISM AS DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES OF A FEDERAL STATE

In the article, the author analyzes the modern perception of the phenomenon of lobbying, the renaissance of the theory of pluralism and lobbying, social and communicative interpretations of lobbying in the context of the political process. The article emphasizes the relevance of the study of lobbyism, which is also determined by the processes of changing associations, new trends in their fragmentation, professionalization and Europeanization are observed. The author considered and proposed the key positions and criteria for the formation of a register of lobbyists on the example of Germany.

The strategic importance of lobbying in setting the political agenda in public arenas is analyzed. It is determined that the value of the efforts of lobbyists is to identify key topics in the media community, which plays a decisive advantage in the system of strategic communications. Media efforts of lobbyists make it possible to determine the framing, the way the topic is perceived, the content of the subject, etc. The staging of a key socially significant topic by lobbyists requires knowledge of the logic of the media, media communication channels and professional interaction with journalists and media creators.

Key words: lobbying, influence groups, political process, mass media.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.013

A.R. SULEYMANOV Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa, Russia

MANAGING STAKEHOLDERS OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION: PROBLEM STATEMENT

The complexity of managing the stakeholders of Eurasian integration, which are understood as a variety of factors, arises due to several reasons. A vague understanding of the stakeholders in this process. Ambiguous assessment of integration and its results. The absence of clear boundaries of the categorical apparatus. The author offers a solution to these problems from the standpoint of design and product methodology. This is a new field of opportunities for managing the interests of stakeholders and convergence between them. The article presents the parameters of multidimensional analysis that allow assessing the effectiveness of Eurasian integration. The author comes to the conclusion that with regard to Eurasian integration, there is a request for the development of international standards concerning certain aspects of its management. And one of the first may be the integration stakeholder management standard. Through project standardization, their gradual (adapted) implementation into the activities of stakeholders at different levels is possible.

Key words: Eurasian integration, stakeholders, governance, stakeholder, interests, influence, standard.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.014

K.V. SHUPLETSOVA Analyst of the expert analytical group, Center "State and Religion in Asia", Institute of China and Contemporary Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

JAPANESE VISION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC SPACE

This article discusses the evolution of views on how, according to Japan, the Indo-Pacific region should develop. Abe Shinzo first spoke about this concept, since then the concept of developing a “free and open Indo-Pacific region” has undergone some changes. Since 2017, the concept of the Indo-Pacific has entered the foreign policy lexicon of many powers. It is worth noting that the support of the United States caused enthusiasm in the political circles of Japan. At present, the FOIP concept is considered one of the most successful foreign policy decisions of the S. Abe administration. The current leadership of Kishida Fumio, when drawing up new points for the development of the concept, somewhat departs from the basic principles of the previous administration. This article analyzes the new concept of a "free and open Indo-Pacific region" in the period up to 2030, in which one can observe how the Japanese government seeks to focus on the socio-economic problems of countries that share and contribute to the development of this concept, namely food security, providing humanitarian assistance in cases of natural disasters and new epidemics, solving environmental problems, issues of sea routes, taking measures to strengthen maritime law in the region, developing human capital, etc. It is important to note that the official document showed the security agenda to a greater extent than before, however, it is still not dominant. Analyzing a new vision of the concept of development, we have the opportunity to determine the vector of Japan's movement in the context of the current "turning events" in the international arena.

Key words: Indo-Pacific, Shinzo Abe, Fumio Kishida, Japanese foreign policy, Japan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.015

R.V. MONGE Applicant of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

LEGAL GROUNDS AND PARTICIPATION DYNAMICS OF THE TUVA REPUBLIC IN RUSSIAN FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The article deals with the problem of participation of the Tuva Republic in Russia’s foreign economic relations. The research goal is to consider the legal foundations of international activity, as well as the dynamics of the subject’s participation in relations with the border regions of foreign countries. The institutional mechanism that ensures the coordination of international and foreign economic relations has not yet been sufficiently studied. At the same time, such a study is necessary for a deeper understanding of relations in the sphere of distribution of subjects of jurisdiction and powers.

The research methodology is based on the political and legal approach and includes the methods of the general scientific group (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction); as well as a number of special methods: a retrospective political and legal analysis, a statistical method. As materials for the analysis, official statistical data on the main macroeconomic indicators from the Tuva Republic, as well as the main documents of federal and regional legislation regulating foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, were used. Based on the results of the study, the author came to the following conclusions: today it is necessary to expand the legislative framework in terms of regulating foreign economic relations of entities with border areas of foreign countries. The dynamics of foreign economic relations of the Tuva Republic is especially positive with the border areas of China and Mongolia, which is due to the successful economic infrastructure.

Key words: international relations, Tuva Republic, foreign economic relations, socio-economic development, border regions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.016

N.R. PAVLOV Postgraduate Student of the Faculty of International Relations St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

E.A. SLABOV Postgraduate Student of the Faculty of International Relations St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

COUNTERING NETWORK TERRORISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

The purpose of the study. The article examines the content and nature of the threat of international terrorism in the conditions of advanced development of communication technologies; describes the resource potential of social networks in activating and changing the nature of modern terrorist activity. The experience of countries and institutions in the fight against international network terrorism is analyzed. The purpose of the study is to analyze and summarize international experience, as well as to detail problematic issues and prospects for combating network terrorism.

Conclusions. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the development of social networks has recently facilitated contacts between representatives of different countries, but at the same time led to the spread of extremist ideas around the world. The authors conclude that, taking into account the global trend towards the expansion and spread of social networks, this factor of the modern world should be analyzed in the context of ensuring international security.

Key word: terrorist content, global communication, security threat, counterterrorism, network terrorism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.017

R.A. ALIEV Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Trade Representative of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Russian Federation, Head of the Commission on Sustainable Development of the UN RAS, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2nd Class, Moscow, Russia

N.A. CHERNYKH Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of International Complex Problems of Environmental Management and Ecology at MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

DYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION IN THE NORTHERN CASPIAN SEA IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

Under the conditions of increasing technogenic impact on the biosphere in the world more and more attention is paid to the sustainable development of society in harmony with the natural environment and the interests of current and future generations, in particular, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources, the prevention of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the elimination of its consequences. Within the framework of achieving Sustainable Development Goal [19], namely the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas and marine resources, the authors conducted a study of the dynamics of chemical pollution of the northern part of the Caspian Sea water area in order to obtain the possibility of further forecasting of the emerging environmental situation in the region. The main sources, scales and natural-climatic peculiarities of the introduction of priority pollutants into the marine environment were considered. On the basis of generalization and detailed analysis of materials on this problem it is shown that the growing exploitation of hydrocarbons, as well as the discharge of industrial and agricultural wastewater in the absence of an effective system of regulation has already led to unprecedented levels of chemical pollution of components of the marine ecosystem. Thus, the content of petroleum hydrocarbons and phenols in the waters of the Northern Caspian in recent years steadily exceeds the established maximum permissible levels.

Key words: Northern Caspian Sea, sustainable development, environmental situation, chemical pollution, phenols, petroleum hydrocarbons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.018

U.M. KURONOV Republican Institute researcher Social and Spiritual Research at the Center for Spirituality and education, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan

GLOBAL MANIFESTATION OF DESTRUCTIVE THREATS AND TOTALITARIAN SECTS

This article is devoted to understanding the theoretical and practical problems of improving and coordinating the activities of state and public organizations, on certain issues of protecting youth from destructive influences. It contains a theoretical analysis of the activities of destructive religious, cultural, extremist and terrorist movements, groups that negatively affect the stability, social, spiritual growth of the state, and defines the genesis, essence and content of the concepts of a destructive group, ideas, based on existing scientific theories.

Key words: destructive forces, societies, youth, national ideology, threat.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.019

A.M. PESOCHIN Postgraduate student of the Department of Global Social Processes and Youth Work, Faculty of Global Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL INTERACTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND SOUTH AFRICA: BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL FORMATS

The article examines the genesis and evolution of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of South Africa, which at the present stage are of particular importance for the Russian side against the backdrop of political transformations taking place in the world community, including attempts to limit Russia's participation in international processes. The purpose of the work is to identify internal and external factors, both bringing together and separating the two countries from each other. The event analysis of the content and circumstances of the official meetings of the Russian Federation and South Africa at the highest level made it possible to determine the potential of the «platforms» used for political interaction between the two countries, including the prospects for the development of BRICS diplomatic mechanisms and the establishment of ties between Eurasian and African integration structures. By discourse analysis of statements and interviews of representatives of the ruling elites of the Russian Federation and South Africa, the official positions of the two states regarding emerging conflict or disputes in specific regions or in relations with each other, which can either strengthen or weaken the intensity of Russian-South African political interaction, were revealed. In particular, for example, the events around the Arab Spring, which prompted South Africa to cooperate with the BRICS countries, or the Ukrainian crisis, which limits the implementation of certain formats of contact between the Russian Federation and South Africa.

Key words: Russian Federation, Republic of South Africa, BRICS, Russia-Africa Partnership Forum, national interests, dual diplomacy, Arab Spring, Ukrainian crisis.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.020

A.I. KUPALOV-YAROPOLK Master of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of International Journalism, MGIMO (u), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF FRENCH GUIANA IN THE XXI CENTURY: THE DARK REALITIES OF GLOBALIZATION

The purpose of the article is to familiarize Russian-speaking American researchers with the problems of the indigenous aboriginal population of the overseas department of French Guiana in the new millennium. Attention is paid to the most urgent and intractable issues of a socio-political nature. When writing the article, the author used sources and scientific literature in Russian, French and English.

Key words: French Guiana, Indians, politics, culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.021

LIU YING Master of Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

ENVIRONMENTAL NGO RESEARCH IN KAZAKHSTAN

With the growing trend of globalization of environmental problems, the limitations of intergovernmental environmental organizations in responding to global environmental crises are emphasized. Environmental NGOs play a more important role in the process of solving global environmental problems. The study of environmental NGOs in Kazakhstan is useful for understanding Kazakhstan's policy towards non-governmental organizations, Kazakhstan's environmental issues, the role of Kazakhstan's environmental NGOs and existing problems. This article presents the background, development history and representative environmental NGOs of Kazakhstan in order to understand environmental NGOs in Kazakhstan.

Key words: Kazakhstan, NGOs, environmental NGOs.