№ 6 (106), 2024
Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 14, Issue 6 (106), 2024
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
Golovetsky N.Ya., Demetradze M.R., Kelson Noel. Economic Anthropology: a Guide from Human Nature
Melnikova I.V. Philosophical Intentions of Metamoden and Modern Political Values: Theory VS Practice? (Part 2. Results and Reflection)
Legostaev I.A. Civic Consciousness: the Concept and Strategic Importance in the Formation of a National Idea
Obidin M.V. Civilizational Approach in Modern Russian Political Science and International Politics
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Sviridenko E.A. Development and Transformation of the Teachings of Nil Sorsky in the Works of his Associates in the 16th Century
Sibiryakov M.N. The Birth of a New Theatre and its Influence on the Everyday Life of the City of Yakutsk in the Conditions of Revolution and Civil War
Aby Shoresh, Odintsova T.A. Main Periods of Evolution of Kurdish Studies in Russia
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
Tumanyan G.V. Citizens' Attitude to Participative Technologies of Modern Public Administration
Khugaev Z.T. The Political Identity of the Youth of the North Caucasus Federal District: an Analysis of Research Approaches
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Amiantov A.A., Rabadanov I.R. Political and Legal Aspects of Parliamentary Activity on the Approval of the Government of the Russian Federation in Modern Conditions
Mazhnikov V.I. The Phenomenon of Information Waves and Fake News in the Modern Media Sphere
Amiantova I.S., Zaporozskiy E.V. The Manifestation of Right-Wing Populism in the State Party System
Vikulina S.V. The Recruitment Channels and Career Paths of the Members of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 8th Convocation
Kuz S.I. The Nature of the Role of the Municipal Leader (Based on the Example of Moscow)
Kozin A. Comparative Analysis of National Models of Using Big Data in the Electoral Process of Developed Countries in 2017-2022
Larikhin A.V. The National Idea of Modern Russia in the Discourse of the Political Elite
Lu Xiao. Grassroots Democracy as the “Conductor's Baton” of Xi Jinping's Policies
Pronin K.K. Democratic Ideas: the Evolution of Theoretical Models
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
Nazarov A.D., Nazarova E.A. Contemporary Trends in the Development of Arctic Tourism in the Russian Federation: Social and Legal Aspects
Surma I.V. Challenges and Threats of Artificial Intelligence Technologies as a Universal Tool for Socio-Political and Economic Transformation of Modern Society
Barabanova T.V. The Educational Policy of Russia in the Third Decade of the XXI Century in the Context of the National Security Strategy
Shulga E.P. The Impact of Migration to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug on the Economy and Population Structure
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
Stepanov S.A., Shaaban L. The UAE’s “Soft Power” in the Context of Energy Resources’ Diversification on the Example of the Masdar City Project
Melikova Z.E. Geopolitical Aspects of Relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the Russian Federation
Tao Zilong. Analysis of Foreign Diplomatic Strategy of Kazakhstan under President K.-Zh.K. Tokayev
Li Qian. The Evolution of China's Approach to UN Peacekeeping
Al- Khaledi Moohialdin Mohammed Ahmed. Diplomatic Means and Methods of Dispute Settlement in Yemen
Danelyan T.O. The 2003 US and Allied Invasion of Iraq and their Geopolitical Goals
Sporshev A.M., Khodyreva A.A. Capabilities and Ambitions of Finland and Sweden in the Field of NATO Nuclear Deterrence Policy
Li Ziman. Regional Public Goods as a Tool to Strengthen Security Co-Operation after SCO Enlargement
Chacran A.A. The Question of the Independence of African States in the International Arena under the Intervention of Western Powers
Adohounde Yaovi Sylvestre, Agonnoude Bidoley Vianney Freddy. Foreign Policy of the Republic of Benin: History of Development and Modern Trends
Zhao Yan. Achievements of China’s Environmental Supervision System after Reform and Opening Up
Chalan Said Farhan. Russian-Iranian Understanding in Syria and its Impact on the Geostrategic Situation in the Middle East
Shao Jianina. Positive and Negative Factors in the Formation of Sino-Indian Relations in the 21st Century
Elimkhajiyev R. Taiwan as a Factor of Transformation of International Relations Between the USA and China: Theoretical and Methodological Aspect
Birinci E. The State of Israel in Soviet Foreign Policy in the Middle East During the Cold War
Liang Weihang. Analysis of the Biden Administration Strategy Towards China in the Middle East
SCIENTIFIC REFLECTIONS ON A CURRENT TOPIC
Medvedev N.P. Party Systems and Duverger's Laws: on the Question of Theory and Practice
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.001
N.YA. GOLOVETSKY Candidate of Economics, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Management, Krasnogorsk Branch of the RANEPA, Moscow, Russia
M.R. DEMETRADZE Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Krasnogorsk branch of the RANEPA, Professor of the UMC, Moscow, Russia
KELSON NOEL Postgraduate student Institute of Political Institutions and Processes University of World Civilizations, Moscow, Russia
ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY: A GUIDE FROM HUMAN NATURE
Exploring the structure of the economy, its role in the development of society, it is necessary to understand what is the basis of its natural essence, why innovative processes, scientific and technological progress and modernization are associated with a transforming economy. All this requires clarifying the origin, determining the origins, which are impossible without turning to anthropology. But it is possible to understand the economy rationally only if it is revealed what meaning its creators – ancient societies – laid down. The economy has the same natural nature as human social and cultural demands associated with the desire of people to create vital conditions, to improve the spatial environment, without which the social organization of the human way of life is not formed. Initially, the benefit was not associated only with material wealth, but meant well-being, benefit for all as a symbol of happiness and justice. Initially, the benefit was not associated only with material wealth, but meant well-being, benefit for all as a symbol of happiness and justice. Therefore, the identification of the principle of anthropocentricity, i.e. the determination of the economy by human nature, is the main purpose of this article, as well as the establishment of the reasons for its deviation from the socio-cultural vector that occurred as a result of the Neolithic revolution. The topic is revealed on the basis of economic, social and cultural anthropology. The work is of scientific and practical importance and may be of interest, in particular, to politicians, economists, sociologists, since the originally set socio-cultural vector of the economy and its universal values, which are of lasting importance, should not be lost.
Key words: economics, economic anthropology, social anthropology, cultural anthropology, benefits, needs, indices, sociocentricity, universal well-being, sociocultural methodology, social norms, social order.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.002
I.V. MELNIKOVA Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian History, Sociology and Political Science, Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky", Omsk, Russia
PHILOSOPHICAL INTENTIONS OF METAMODEN AND MODERN POLITICAL VALUES: THEORY VS PRACTICE? (PART 2. RESULTS AND REFLECTION)
The problem of the relationship between paradigms of thinking and political values is of great interest to modern social and humanitarian sciences. The aim of the study is to compare the metamodern declared by intellectuals and cultural bearers with the one actualized in political practice. Metamodern claims the status of a new paradigm of thinking. Paradigms are born before their embodiment in political discourse, but the current political process is, in our opinion, the highest manifestation, a way of embodiment and objectification of the general intentions of a particular cultural era, since it is a concentration, a point of the most complete implementation of ideas. We believe that the criterion of "actualization in political practice" acts as a kind of test of the strength of a particular intellectual trend, especially one claiming the status of a new paradigm. Metamodernism as an intellectual trend, articulated for the first time in the 2010s, is an insufficiently studied phenomenon, especially in the context of studying the axiological foundations of modern political processes. The sphere of social and humanitarian knowledge seems specific due to value-based and ideological conditioning in one form or another. For this reason, in our study of the designated problem, we resort to a proportionate methodology corresponding to the object and subject of political and philosophical reflection: in line with the axiological approach, we use the method of phenomenological reduction, which allows us to describe, rather than mechanically dissect (analyze) phenomena, gradually discovering meanings, eidetic essences of political experience, finding a correlate in consciousness and expressing it discursively. The result of the study were the conclusions obtained in the process of comparing what is declared in theory with what is actualized in practice, according to which, in our opinion, the status of metamodernism as a new paradigm cannot be discovered.
Key words: paradigm of thinking, modernism, postmodernism, metamodernism, political values.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.003
I.A. LEGOSTAEV Graduate student of Department of Comparative Political Science, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS: THE CONCEPT AND STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE IN THE FORMATION OF A NATIONAL IDEA
The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of civic consciousness, its key components and strategic significance in the formation of a national idea. Civic consciousness is a set of values, attitudes and behaviors that reflect conscious and active participation of individuals in the life of the state and society. It includes such components as legal culture, political activity, patriotism, social responsibility and tolerance. The development of civic consciousness helps strengthen national unity, increase the level of trust between citizens and authorities, as well as create conditions for the sustainable socio-economic development of the country. The topic is especially relevant in the setting of rapidly changing global conditions due to ongoing turbulence in global politics. One of the strategic objectives of the federal education system is to prepare the younger generation in the conditions of the new civic consciousness, emerging civil society in Russia.
Key words: Russia, civic consciousness, strategy, national idea.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.004
M.V. OBIDIN Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
CIVILIZATIONAL APPROACH IN MODERN RUSSIAN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
This article is devoted to the consideration of popularization process of the civilizational approach within the Western and then Russian political science framework, as well as the influence of the civilizational approach on the modern international relations theory and practice. Author examine civilizational approach emergence context, approach further evolution as well as the evolution of the context of its application both in political science, policy and diplomatic practice and, as a result, its consolidation as a modern Russian post-ideology.
The purpose of the study is to identify the most problematic aspects of the civilizational approach and point out the danger of its long-term use as conducting political science research basis and an excuse for international policy.
The main author's conclusion is the statement that the civilizational approach danger lies in lack of possibility to build a fundamentally new system of international relations or management practices within the state – it only allows to justify their very necessity. Thus, its suitability for use by the political elite is lost at the moment of the final assertion of its own methodological sovereignty in science and the formation of an independent political course in practice.
Key words: civilizational approach, international politics, political science, history of political science, political methodology.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.005
E.A. SVIRIDENKO Postgraduate student, Faculty of Philosophy, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE TEACHINGS OF NIL SORSKY IN THE WORKS OF HIS ASSOCIATES IN THE 16TH CENTURY
The article is devoted to identifying the key positions and concepts of the theological and political teachings of Nil Sorsky, continued by his students in the 16th century. Based on numerous sources, the contribution of Nil Sorsky to the Orthodox monastic tradition was demonstrated, the creation of a new image of the monastery in Rus', where the monks lived separately from each other, but gathered together during services. His students, such as Vassian Patrikeev and Maxim Grek, tried to adapt his teaching to the realities of power and public life. Non-possessors presented themselves as spiritual mentors, called upon to be moral teachers for Russian rulers. Thus, Vassian Patrikeev gradually moved away from the idea of parity and equality between the state and the Church, while trying to influence the ruler more. However, some researchers believe that following strictly spiritual principles is impossible and even harmful as a basis for government. Maxim the Greek sought to propose reforms to modernize ideas about power. Thus, he recognized, in addition to the right of inheritance, elections as a legal way of replacing the throne. He saw royal power as limited by divine and earthly laws, and the royal figure must also fight temptations and passions, limiting himself. His ideal was a vision of deliberative organizations at the throne, full of prudent people, protecting the ruler from bad decisions. Nevertheless, Maxim the Greek remained closer to the monastic calling than Vassian Patrikeev, who became more of a social and political figure.
Key words: Nil Sorsky, Maxim the Greek, Vassian Patrikeev, non-possessors people, politics, history, religion, Orthodoxy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.006
M.N. SIBIRYAKOV M.A. (History), Postgraduate Student Faculty of History M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
THE BIRTH OF A NEW THEATRE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE CITY OF YAKUTSK IN THE CONDITIONS OF REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR
The article is devoted to the little-studied problem in regional historiography of the state of theatrical life in the Yakutia at a beginning of the XX century. The author consecrates the difficulties experienced by theater troupes in the difficult conditions of the revolution, Civil War and post-war devastation. The article discusses the issues of the formation of the national theater and its contribution to the development of theatrical art in the region. The author explores the work of the first professional directors and actors, and the acting skills of amateur actors have been improving, which has become the basis for the further development of the theatrical business in Yakutia. The author concludes that, thanks to the work of the first professional theater, Yakut national drama has been established, and town residents have become acquainted with Russian classical drama. The work of the national theater has had a positive impact on the spiritual and cultural life of the city. Despite the difficulties of wartime, the work of theater and theater groups has not only continued, but has intensified their production activities.
Key words: theater, folk theater, professional theaters, amateur theater, Civil War, cultural policy, everyday life.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.007
ABY SHORESH Applicant, Department of Political Science of the East FGP MSU named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
T.A. ODINTSOVA Applicant, Department of Cultural Studies Moscow State Institute of Culture, Moscow, Russia
MAIN PERIODS OF EVOLUTION OF KURDISH STUDIES IN RUSSIA
The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the significance of the Kurdish issue and the events in the Middle East unfolding around it are of an international nature, and many aspects of this problem can only be interpreted by Kurdology (Kurdish studies) – a science that studies the Kurds and has a special role in the Russian Middle Eastern strategy, but at the same time remains one of the most insufficiently covered scientific fields. Russia can rightfully be called the founder of Kurdish studies, because for the first time in the history of world oriental studies, it was in the Russian Empire that the direction of oriental studies was established in an independent and official status back in the 19th century. Much of what is known today about the Kurdish people, their ethnogenesis, identity, unique cultural tradition, features of the structure of society and centuries-old struggle for the right to self-determination, was discovered by Russian Kurdologists.
The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the development of Kurdology, the history of which is divided into three periods: pre-revolutionary (Russian Kurdish studies), Soviet (Soviet Kurdish studies) and modern (modern Russian Kurdish studies). The implementation of this goal requires solving the following tasks:
– to identify the factors that set the direction of the transformation of science and its method;
– to determine the problem of Kurdish studies at each historical stage;
– to substantiate the functional role of Kurdology as an auxiliary diplomatic tool.
The study is carried out in three parts. This article is the second part of the study.
Key words: Kurdish studies, Kurdish people, Russia, Russian-Kurdish relations, history, politics, science.
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.008
G.V. TUMANYAN Graduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University; curator of the Digoria Expert Club, Moscow, Russia
CITIZENS' ATTITUDE TO PARTICIPATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF MODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Modern public administration often resorts to the use of participatory technologies in public decision-making processes. The need to introduce these practices is determined by the desire to ensure broad participation of citizens in making important decisions, increase trust in government and improve the quality of decisions made. That is why it is important to study public sentiment and follow social trends in the process of forming a portfolio of participatory practices at various levels of government.
As part of the study, an attempt was made to formulate an image of participatory practices that are most popular among citizens. The motives of respondents regarding participation in socio-political processes characteristic of civil society were recorded.
Key words: participation, participatory management, public administration, civil society, political motives.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.009
Z.T. KHUGAEV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE POLITICAL IDENTITY OF THE YOUTH OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL DISTRICT: AN ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH APPROACHES
The North Caucasus is a macroregion that is difficult from an ethnic, cultural, political and political-psychological point of view. Global, national and local trends intersect here, and both national and autochthonous political traditions, including traditions of political self-identification of citizens, coexist. In the context of the development of youth policy and the system of civic and patriotic education, aimed, among other things, at "reconciliation" of civil unity and ethnocultural diversity, the issues of identity formation of the youth of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District are being actualized. In Russian political science, several models have developed for interpreting the identity of the inhabitants of the North Caucasus, distinguishing between national-state (civil, national-civil) and ethnopolitical (including ethno-clan), regional and macroregional varieties of it. Their common element is the recognition of the multilevel nature of this identity, which is reflected, among other things, in the concept of the "identity portfolio". Today, the key from a methodological point of view is the distinction between civil and ethnopolitical types of identity, which has significant heuristic potential in the context of the multiethnic nature and historically preserved autochthonous culture of the North Caucasian Federal District in general and its individual regions in particular. At the same time, a number of researchers are currently moving from the positions of their opposition to their consideration as coexisting and complementary phenomena.
Key words: North Caucasian Federal District, youth, "identity portfolio", national-state identity, ethnopolitical identity.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.010
А.А. AMIANTOV Candidate of political sciences, associate professor of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration Russian Peoples' Friendship University of the Patrice Lumumba, member of the Expert Council of the Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security, Moscow, Russia
I.R. RABADANOV a political scientist, member of the Expert Council of the Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security, specialist in international relations, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF PARLIAMENTARY ACTIVITY ON THE APPROVAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The article examines modern parliamentary personnel practice, implemented on the basis of the constitutional reform of 2020, by appointment of members of the Government of the Russian Federation, examines modern political and legal aspects of the formation of the Government of the Russian Federation through the parliamentary procedures of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Key words: Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federation Council, State Duma, Government of the Russian Federation, parliamentarism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.011
V.I. MAZHNIKOV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamental Legal and Socio-Humanitarian Disciplines of the Moscow, Financial and Industrial University "Synergy", Moscow, Russia
THE PHENOMENON OF INFORMATION WAVES AND FAKE NEWS IN THE MODERN MEDIA SPHERE
The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of information waves and fake news, as well as the justification for the study of these manipulative practices. The author suggests the hypothesis that today the main mechanisms of manipulation and dissemination of propaganda in the interests of social and political actors on the web are information waves and fake news. The basis for this scientific assumption is the facts of the increasingly active use of political technologies and various forms and mechanisms of manipulation by the mass media. The practice of modern political communication through the media is quite often carried out using manipulative information technologies and, above all, information waves and fake news. The article also highlights the main stages of fake news formation and establishes the main criteria for identifying information waves in the media sphere.
Key words: media sphere, social networks, information waves, fake news, manipulation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.012
I.S. AMIANTOVA PhD in Political Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
E.V. ZAPOROZSKIY Fourth-year student, Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
THE MANIFESTATION OF RIGHT-WING POPULISM IN THE STATE PARTY SYSTEM
This article analyzes the reasons for the growing popularity of right-wing populist movements in the modern world. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the essence of populism in the state political process on the example of the activities of the political party Alternative for Germany. Populism as a political trend is associated with the deep crisis phenomena that have engulfed Western European society, in the context of the migration invasion, the growth of euroscepticism, social contradictions and the confrontation of traditionalist and progressive values. The article shows that modern populist movements are able to integrate into the institutional framework of liberal democracy, while maintaining their anti-systemic rhetoric.
Key words: populism, right-wing populism, Germany, identity, democracy, refugee crisis, state.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.014
S.V. VIKULINA Graduate student of the Political Sociology and Psychology Program, Political Science Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE RECRUITMENT CHANNELS AND CAREER PATHS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE STATE DUMA OF THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF THE 8TH CONVOCATION
The article presents the results of the research of recruitment channels and career trajectories of the members of the State Duma of the VIII convocation. The study revealed four main segments of the professional development of representatives of the deputy corps, classified into narrower areas; also positions preceding the election as a federal parliamentarian were analyzed. Based on the collected data, career trajectories were identified, which make it possible to form an idea of the current HR policy of five political parties, to identify the main characteristic features in terms of the development of their personnel potential.
Key words: political elite, deputy corps, State Duma, recruitment channels, career trajectories.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.015
S.I. KUZ Post-graduate, Department of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE NATURE OF THE ROLE OF THE MUNICIPAL LEADER (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF MOSCOW)
As part of the study of the phenomenon of municipal leadership, the article provides an analysis of the nature of the role of a municipal deputy using the example of the Central Administrative District of Moscow. The author identifies several groups of roles of the municipal leader based on the tools of his interaction with the voter, communication with other actors in the socio-political process and the legal framework regulating the work of councils of deputies. The theoretical significance of the study is due to the fact that the conventional division of roles into formal, informal and mixed allows us to talk about such characteristics of a municipal leader as a combination of political and administrative activities, the multi-level nature of interactions and integration simultaneously into social, socio-political, economic, budgetary and financial life district. Work at the local level of government should be understood in this context as a two-component (consisting of formal and informal interactions) environment in which a deputy builds his political career. Such a coordinate system, in which the municipal leader is simultaneously a legislator and a business executive, an ideologist and a mediator, a mouthpiece of public opinion and a representative of public authority, can lead to a mismatch of roles, and, as a consequence, inter-role and intra-role conflicts, which determines the practical significance of the study.
Key words: local government, municipal leadership, council of municipal deputies, social role, political role, Central Administrative District of Moscow.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.017
A. KOZIN Postgraduate student of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL MODELS OF USING BIG DATA IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN 2017-2022
Algorithms based on big data are now ubiquitous both in companies and in public services. Political parties are not immune from exploiting the traces left on the Internet by users or the socio-demographic data of the population. Since Dean's pioneering campaign in the 2004 Democratic primary and his election as chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 2005 and 2009, "the revolution has not been televised." Two major projects have been undertaken within the US Democratic Party: the creation of a national voter list to centralize databases held locally by federations, and the introduction of a new online election platform called Party Builder. Thus, through data collection, candidates have the technical means to pinpoint the geographic areas where it is most beneficial to maximize activity, including orderly door-to-door campaigning and thus more easily persuade the undecided and the abstainers. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of national models for the use of big data in the electoral process of developed countries in 2017-2022.
Key words: national models, big data, electoral process, comparative analysis, candidate.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.018
A.V. LARIKHIN Postgraduate student of the State Government Institution of the Republic of Mordovia «Scientific Research Institute of Humanities under the Government of the Republic of Mordovia» Saransk, Russia
THE NATIONAL IDEA OF MODERN RUSSIA IN THE DISCOURSE OF THE POLITICAL ELITE
The article presents the results of an analysis of the discourse of the modern political elite of Russia regarding the national idea of the country and its main components. A definition of the concept of “national idea” is given, and the main elite groups represented in the political spectrum of the country are considered. It is emphasized that the evolution of the elite’s views on the national idea and Russia’s role in the world has transformed depending on external and internal factors. Based on the traditional and formalized analysis of documents, systematic and comparative analysis, the main narratives of the Russian elite are identified, which form the basis of the national idea of the state: patriotism, orthodoxy and eurasianism, the increase of the Russian people, the restoration of a great power. In conclusion, it is concluded that the Russian elite’s ideas about the national idea of modern Russia have common trends, among which are strong leadership, support for national interests, patriotism, restoration of geopolitical influence, self-sufficiency and independence of the state.
Key words: Russia, national idea, elite, president, patriotism, national interests, eurasianism, orthodoxy, national identity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.019
LU XIAO Graduate student of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and International Processes of the Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov, Russia
GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY AS THE “CONDUCTOR'S BATON” OF XI JINPING'S POLICIES
At the turn of 2010-2020, the concept of “democracy” was clarified in China – its conceptual explanation, practical interpretation and applied practice. The purpose of the article is to show what role grassroots democracy plays in the practice of political governance in modern China. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate how the idea of “people's democracy – democracy of the whole process” arose, how it transformed into the political concept of “people's democracy in the whole process”, how it was justified by politicians and scientists who concluded that “people's democracy in the whole process” is “democracy in Chinese”. The author believes that, guided by this philosophy, China has carried out a series of essential reforms at the grassroots level, declaring and guaranteeing the real rights of the people to participate in decision-making, management and control of party and state bodies. The author believes that “people's democracy in the whole process” is the guiding principle of political governance under Xi Jinping, his “conductor's baton”. The article demonstrates the specifics of Chinese grassroots democracy, how the right of the people to participate in the affairs of the state and its control “from below” is really realized. The author takes into account the diverse scientific discourse of the problem under consideration and presents his own ideas characterizing the practice of political leadership and mechanisms for involving the population in the management of the country. A comparative analysis of Western and Chinese practices of political management and political opportunities of the population is carried out. There are two key conclusions of the author. First, he believes, it is time to put an end to the liberal monopoly on the right to determine the content of the concept of “democracy”, since it does not have a single model. Using any one of them as a criterion for measuring democracy is in itself undemocratic. Secondly, the author believes that “people's democracy in the whole process” is a unifying policy for China, when the participation of the people is the core of real democracy.
Key words: China, the Communist Party of China, people's democracy, personnel processes.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.013
K.K. PRONIN Post-graduate student of the Department of Philosophical and Social Sciences I.A. Bunin Yelets State University, Yelets, Russia
DEMOCRATIC IDEAS: THE EVOLUTION OF THEORETICAL MODELS
This scientific article provides a systematic analysis of various theoretical models of democracy, which at a certain historical stage of human development reflected public perceptions of democracy and its forms. The purpose of writing this article is to identify certain patterns of development of individual democratic institutions, as well as to determine the essence of the phenomenon of democracy. When writing this scientific article, such theoretical methods of scientific research as system analysis, the method of analogy and the method of generalization were mainly used. The author places special emphasis on the fact that the philosophical and theoretical rethinking of democratic ideas is directly related to the state of social development and the level of consciousness of the masses at a certain historical stage of the development of society. The socio-economic development of society has largely contributed to the formation of the syndrome of individualism, independence and self-expression of personality. Subsequently, giving special importance to the freedom of choice of a particular person contributed to the historical transition of most modern civilized states to a democratic political system, which symbolized a new stage in the development of mankind as a whole.
Key words: democracy, theoretical model of democracy, democratic institution, individualism, freedom of choice.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.020
A.D. NAZAROV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
E.A. NAZAROVA Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCTIC TOURISM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
The article is devoted to the analysis of modern socio-legal aspects and trends in the development of Arctic tourism, carried out by government bodies at various levels, which made it possible to increase the tourist flow to the Arctic in 2023 to 1 million people. Specific mechanisms of this activity are considered, the positive dynamics of the current federal and regional legislation in this area and promising areas for improvement in the context of sanctions from certain countries are noted.
Key words: Arctic tourism, domestic tourism, development of the tourism industry, regional regulation of tourism activities.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.021
I.V. SURMA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Head of the Department of the National Association for International Information Security, Associate Professor of the Department of International and National Security of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; professor of the Academy of Military Sciences, Moscow, Russia
CHALLENGES AND THREATS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES AS A UNIVERSAL TOOL FOR SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF MODERN SOCIETY
The article shows that today digital and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies act as a universal tool for socio-political and economic transformation of modern society. The author notes that this process will significantly accelerate with the emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and against the background of clear successes, generative artificial intelligence poses new serious challenges in the field of cybersecurity. This new technology could be used to create more sophisticated phishing messages and emails, as well as create opportunities for attackers to impersonate people or organizations, leading to an increase in identity theft or fraud. The proliferation of "deep spoofs" that create more realistic video, audio or image recordings can cause serious harm to States and organizations as well as individuals. The author notes that the potential for using GenAI technologies to manipulate and disseminate disinformation, as well as their use in the format of state cyberterrorism, including in the process of organizing and conducting color revolutions and political destabilization operations, is quite high.
Key words: artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, UN, threats to information security, cyberterrorism, generative artificial intelligence.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.022
T.V. BARABANOVA Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg: Postgraduate student, Assistant at the Higher School of Media Communications and Public Relations, St. Petersburg, Russia
THE EDUCATIONAL POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE THIRD DECADE OF THE XXI CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY
Within the framework of this article, the author makes one of the first attempts to comprehend the educational policy of Russia in the context of informational confrontation and geopolitical challenges of the third decade of the XXI century. The purpose of the work is to determine the essential content of the concept of "educational policy" within the framework of the state's interest in the field of national security. The content analysis of the "National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation" adopted in 2021 showed that educational policy is considered as a set of goals and objectives of the state in relation to the functioning of the education system, based on the preservation of cultural sovereignty, historical and cultural heritage of the country, ethical bonds reproduced by the Russian world in civilizational social development. The study showed a high level of importance of educational policy in the system of strategic priorities, goals and measures in the field of domestic and foreign policy of Russia, on which the future of the state and the national security of the country depends.
Key words: educational policy, national security strategy, cultural sovereignty, ethical values.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.023
E.P. SHULGA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Education, Head of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Education, Surgut State Pedagogical University, Surgut, Russia
THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION TO THE KHANTY-MANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS OKRUG ON THE ECONOMY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE
The topic of migration is becoming more relevant day by day, not only scientifically, but also politically. Top officials of the state touch on this topic, conversations in the "kitchen" in society do not leave this topic alone. As a response to the unregulated flows of migrants in the country, radical movements and communities are emerging. Tension in society is growing, and all this requires scientific analysis. The purpose of the work is to analyze migration flows in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug in the early 20s of the XXI century, to understand the reasons for the opportunities for migrants. For this purpose, the author widely used materials from the All-Russian censuses and materials from demographic bulletins of the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, materials from the press and online publications. The main research methods are comparison and graphical representation of data, which allows you to quickly assess the ratio of several values. Thus, having plotted the migration balance, the author comes to the conclusion that the outflow and influx of migrants is in no way related to political events, coronavirus restrictions or.
Key words: migration, population census, schedule, ethnic crime, migration policy.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.024
S.A. STEPANOV PhD professor, Department of the history and Law and public administration of the Law Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
L. SHAABAN PhD student, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
THE UAE’S “SOFT POWER” IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY RESOURCES’ DIVERSIFICATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MASDAR CITY PROJECT
In connection with the climate changes that humanity is facing, more and more countries are switching to the so-called renewable energy sources (RES), the UAE, which proposed the Masdar initiative, was no exception. As you know, this initiative includes a project to create a high-tech city – Masdar City, which is expected to involve high-tech developments and building materials that have a beneficial effect on the environment. According to preliminary forecasts, the materials that will be used in the construction of the city will help reduce energy and water consumption by 40%, which will undoubtedly have an extremely beneficial impact on the state of the environment in the fight against climate change. Among other things, the Masdar City project is an integral part of the UAE’s “soft power” in attracting “green investments” and creating a favorable image of the country around the world. In general, the construction of a “smart” city also fits into the implementation of the “Energy Concept 2050” of the UAE, according to which the UAE plans to increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s fuel and energy balance (FEB) up to 44% with a total investment of more than 150 billion dollars. Thus, the article proves the proposition that the UAE is unlikely to abandon the course taken to introduce renewable energy sources and thereby develop a “green” economy.
Key words: UAE, Masdar City, RES, diversification, “green” economy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.025
Z.Е. MALIKOVA Associate Professor of Baku Slavic University PhD in political science, Baku, Azerbaijan
GEOPOLITICAL ASPECTS OF RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN WITH THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Azerbaijan, as a rapidly developing country, skilfully uses its economic and political opportunities to realize its national interests, as well as to strengthen its regional and global positions. In the context of foreign policy priorities, Azerbaijan is committed to the principles of peaceful coexistence and mutual partnership with all actors of international politics. In particular, taking into account geostrategic and geopolitical factors, Azerbaijan is developing strategic partnership relations with the leading actors of international politics, including its closest neighbor, Russia. The geopolitical aspects of the relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the Russian Federation were investigated and comparatively analyzed in the article.
Key words: Republic of Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, foreign policy priorities, bilateral relations, geopolitical interests.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.026
TAO ZILONG Postgraduate student, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC STRATEGY OF KAZAKHSTAN UNDER PRESIDENT K.-Zh.K. TOKAYEV
The study is devoted to the analysis of the foreign diplomatic strategy of Kazakhstan under President K.-Zh.K. Tokayev in the context of modern challenges arising in the global political arena. The author analyzes strategic decisions and strategic steps taken against their background, aimed at ensuring sustainable development and strengthening external relations of Kazakhstan. In the article, the author examines the dynamics of foreign policy relations, focusing on the interaction of Kazakhstan with strategically important states. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the mechanisms by which Kazakhstan achieves a balance of interests with foreign policy partners, as well as to the study of the economic and political aspects of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2030. Such an analysis will help to understand Kazakhstan's approach to the formation of its foreign policy and identify key factors influencing the effectiveness of foreign policy diplomacy, which is the main component of Kazakhstan's diplomatic strategy.
Key words: Kazakhstan, foreign diplomacy, strategic partners.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.027
LI QIAN PhD Candidate, School of Word Politics Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINA'S APPROACH TO UN PEACEKEEPING
The purpose of this article is a historical study of China's position regarding UN peacekeeping over the past 33 years, the reasons and characteristics of these changes. The author points out that since the establishment of the PRC in 1949 and until now, with the increase in the power and international status of the PRC, peacekeeping activities, undergoing significant quantitative and qualitative changes, are acquiring an increasingly important role in the field of international peacekeeping affairs.
Key words: peacekeeping, the United Nations (UN), the People's Republic of China (PRC), ensuring peace and security, foreign policy, the international system, key power.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.028
AL- KHALEDI MOOHIALDIN MOHAMMED AHMED Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
DIPLOMATIC MEANS AND METHODS OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN YEMEN
Diplomacy is a crucial aspect of political decision-making, as it addresses conflicts and crises between countries, strengthens international relations, and contributes to the formulation of foreign policy. It involves political negotiation and aims to bridge the gap between different countries' viewpoints through methods like negotiation, mediation, and good offices. Diplomatic efforts are especially valuable in managing political crises and conflicts, provided that negotiators understand their role and the responsibility they hold. However, in the case of Yemen, diplomacy has been ineffective in resolving the country's political conflict and the larger crisis, primarily because Yemeni negotiators have failed to comprehend and fulfil their responsibility towards their homeland.
Key words: Diplomatic means, negotiations, Yemen crisis, international relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.029
Т.О. DANELYAN Postgraduate student at Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow, Russia
THE 2003 US AND ALLIED INVASION OF IRAQ AND THEIR GEOPOLITICAL GOALS
In the article, the author reveals the invasion of the United States and its allies into the territory of Iraq in 2003 and its geopolitical goals, touches on the history of the issue, namely the presence of the United States in this region in the 20th century, during the Cold War, and what significance this region has in the context of foreign US policy in the early 21st century, and the influence of the geopolitical concept of "rimland" on US foreign policy in the 21st century. The author is also interested in the military-political steps of the United States and its allies in this region, which contribute to the establishment of American dominance not only in this region, but also the global dominance of the United States. How the United States uses the strengthening of its presence against the regional competitor and adversary of the United States – Iran, and what general strategies are used by the White House in the region to establish beneficial military-political relations with the countries of the region. How does the US presence in the region help counteract global players such as China and Russia, which also have their own interests there? In this article, the author uses analysis, logic and a systematic approach as methods that contribute to the study of this topic.
Key words: 2003 US invasion of Iraq, rimland concept, US geopolitical goals in Iraq, engagement strategy, containment strategy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.030
А.М. SPORSHEV Senior Lecturer at the Department of European and International Law, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
А.А. KHODYREVA Intern researcher at the scientific association "Arctic Community", Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
CAPABILITIES AND AMBITIONS OF FINLAND AND SWEDEN IN THE FIELD OF NATO NUCLEAR DETERRENCE POLICY
The recent accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO has sparked discussion about changes in the countries' nuclear policies. The accession of historically neutral non-nuclear states affects the nuclear deterrence of the Alliance, which raises the question of how willing Finland and Sweden are to participate in it. The article analyzes the military potential of the peaceful nuclear industry, possible models of participation in NATO nuclear programs and operations, as well as the attitude of the public and authorities of Finland and Sweden towards nuclear weapons.
Key words: NATO, Sweden, Finland, nuclear control, nuclear weapons, international security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.031
LI ZIMAN Postgraduate student of Political Science of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law of the Law Institute of the RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, China
REGIONAL PUBLIC GOODS AS A TOOL TO STRENGTHEN SECURITY CO-OPERATION AFTER SCO ENLARGEMENT
The article examines the strengthening of security co-operation in the SCO with the accession of India, Pakistan and Iran. It discusses the deepening of security cooperation within the organisation by improving the mechanism of providing public goods in regional security. It is noted that public goods strengthen co-operation with other security mechanisms and enhance the role of leading countries China and Russia in regional security. The author uses the theory of regional public goods to analyse ways to enhance security cooperation. The significance of public goods of security cooperation within the SCO is analysed in the context of the problems of organisational positioning and institutional integration. Specific choices on how to deepen security co-operation in the SCO after enlargement are proposed, which provides new thinking for the sustainable development of the SCO. The results of the study show that deepening security cooperation is the most important goal of the organisation, and the demand and supply of public goods of regional security affect the development prospects of the organisation after enlargement. It is concluded that deepening security cooperation and improving the public goods of regional security can only bring the member states closer together and promote the better development of the SCO.
Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), security cooperation, regional public goods, membership expansion, regional security situation, Central Asia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.032
A.A. CHACRAN Independent researcher Republic of Benin, Cotonou
THE QUESTION OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF AFRICAN STATES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA UNDER THE INTERVENTION OF WESTERN POWERS
The article analyzes the changes in the status of African states in the international arena in the first quarter of the XXI century in the context of the formation of a multipolar world. The problem of ignoring the sovereignty of African states by Western countries and the threats that exist in this regard is raised. The possibility of transferring the issue of the sovereignty of African States from the sphere of international law to the practical plane of international relations is being considered.
Key words: sovereignty, independence, constitution, multipolarity, Africa, Western countries, Charter of the Imperialists, the United Nations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.016
ADOHOUNDE YAOVI SYLVESTRE Ph.D. in Political science. Assistant at the department of foreign languages, faculty of humanities and social sciences, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia Cotonou, Benin
AGONNOUDE BIDOLEY VIANNEY FREDDY Ph.D. in Political science. Assistant at the Department of Public Policy and history of state and law. Law Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia Cotonou, Benin
FOREIGN POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN: HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN TRENDS
The article is devoted to the history of development and prospects for the foreign policy of the Republic of Benin, in the current geopolitical conditions. The main historical factors contributing to the development of the foreign policy of the Republic of Benin are considered. Strategic planning documents have been studied and current trends in the country's foreign policy have been identified. Particular attention was paid to the country's contemporary foreign policy discourse, in particular the statements of the President of the Republic of Benin, Patrice Talon, on issues of regional stability and political instability in Niger during his address to the nation in December 2023.
Key words: Republic of Benin, history of foreign policy, diplomacy, strategic planning, sovereignty, African continent, UN, ECOWAS, Niger, Patrice Talon.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.033
ZHAO YAN Postgraduate student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHINA’S ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION SYSTEM AFTER REFORM AND OPENING UP
In this article, the author analyzes the main contents of “China’s Environmental Supervision System” and explains the process of its development. The achievements of China’s environmental supervision system after reform and opening up mainly include three aspects: China’s environmental supervision system is becoming more and more perfect, the institutions and personnel of China’s environmental supervision are becoming more and more reliable, and the punishment for environmental violations has been continuously strengthened. In addition, based on the current new situation and the new progress in China’s environmental governance, the author believes that China’s current environmental supervision system still has shortcomings, such as the inability to coordinate the contradiction between environmental law enforcement and economic development in some areas, and the relatively backward enforcement capacity of environmental law enforcement in some areas.
Key words: China, environmental supervision systems, environmental law, environmental law enforcement, environmental management, results, problem.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.034
CHALAN SAID FARHAN Postgraduate studies of the Faculty of International Relations. Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (Northwestern Institute of Management RANEPA), St. Petersburg, Russia
RUSSIAN-IRANIAN UNDERSTANDING IN SYRIA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GEOSTRATEGIC SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
This article is devoted to the issues of interaction between Russia and Iran within the framework of their strategic cooperation in the Syrian crisis, as well as the directions of its influence on the development of the political situation in the Middle East region. The article analyzes the features of strategic Russian-Iranian interaction, their interests regarding influence in the region, features of participation in the Syrian conflict and positions on its resolution. An analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of Russian-Iranian interaction in the region is presented in the context of the specifics of the current state of the Syrian crisis.
Key words: Syria, Russia, Iran, Syrian conflict, Middle East.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.035
SHAO JIANINA Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Supervisor: V.M. KAPITSYN Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
The article analyzes the causes, influence of progressive cooperation between India and China, describes historical Indo-Chinese interrelations, on the basis of which grows military, economic and political interaction between the peoples of the two powers, lists the reasons, especially important for the mutually beneficial development of the states in the XXI century, provides Perspectives on the development of Indo-Chinese cooperation.
Key words: China, India, cooperation, reasons, historical prerequisites.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.036
R.ELIMKHAJIYEV Postgraduate student of Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia
TAIWAN AS A FACTOR OF TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE USA AND CHINA: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT
Aim. Based on the materials devoted to the issue of Taiwan as a factor in the transformation of international relations between the United States and China, to identify the theoretical and methodological aspect of this issue.
Methodology. The key research method was a retrospective analysis and a comparative analysis of relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China through the prism of the Taiwan issue.
Results. Based on comparative and retrospective analysis, it was revealed that the United States of America is actively operating on the position of the Republic of China (Taiwan) for its own geopolitical purposes, but modernity reflects the possibility of a sharp change in the political situation on the world stage in favor of China.
Research implications. The obtained conclusions make it possible to use them in the modern scientific field to develop new scientific and political conclusions that can be taken as a basis for the formation of a particular geopolitical course.
Key words: Asian region, Republic of China (Taiwan), PRC, unofficial relations, USSR, USA, partially recognized state.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.037
E. BIRINCI Candidate of the Department of Comparative Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE STATE OF ISRAEL IN SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST DURING THE COLD WAR
This paper examines the intricate dynamics of Israel's position within Soviet foreign policy towards the Middle East, exploring the geopolitical strategies, ideological conflicts, and diplomatic maneuvers that characterized Soviet-Israeli relations from the early Cold War period to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Initially, the Soviet Union supported the creation of Israel, hoping to gain a foothold in the Middle East and counter British influence. However, as Israel increasingly aligned with the United States, The USSR began to distance itself from Israel, instead backing Arab states as part of a broader strategy to challenge American dominance in the region. Consequently, Soviet-Israeli relations became a barometer for the broader East-West rivalry, with diplomatic and military engagements in the Middle East serving as critical arenas for Cold War competition. During the 1980s, Soviet-Israeli relations were characterized by a complex interplay of hostility and tentative rapprochement. The early 1980s saw the USSR supporting Arab states and Palestinian groups against Israel, reflecting its anti-Western stance. However, Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika policies in the latter part of the decade led to a more pragmatic Soviet approach, aiming to reduce Cold War tensions and improve relations with the West, including Israel. This shift eased Jewish emigration restrictions and initiated diplomatic engagement, paving the way for full diplomatic relations in 1991.
Key words: Israel, USSR, Middle East, foreign policy, Cold War.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.038
LIANG WEIHANG Graduate student of Department of Political Science of the East of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
ANALYSIS OF THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION STRATEGY TOWARDS CHINA IN THE MIDDLE EAST
This work is devoted to the analysis of the Biden administration’s competitive strategy against China in the Middle East, so the object of study is the US strategy in the Middle East. The purpose of our research is to determine the features of the current US administration's competitive strategy towards China and the ways of its implementation. To achieve this goal, the following research tasks were developed: the history of the evolution of US policy towards China in the Middle East. Contextual factors that led to this evolution; the current stage of the Biden administration's competitive strategy towards China in the Middle East and specific ways of its implementation.
Key words: USA, foreign policy, Middle East, China, international relations, regional and global studies.
SCIENTIFIC REFLECTIONS ON A CURRENT TOPIC
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.106.6.039
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today", Moscow, Russia
PARTY SYSTEMS AND DUVERGER'S LAWS: ON THE QUESTION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
The article attempts to analyze the role of political parties and modern party systems in the modern political process. The features of the typology of party systems are revealed. The importance of developing a multi-party system and a party system in each country is emphasized, taking into account the political traditions and political culture of the society that have developed in the country.
Key words: party systems, modern political process, typology of party systems, functions of political parties, ideology, political culture, traditional culture.