Academic journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 8, Issue 9 (37), 2018.
CONTENTS
POLITICAL HISTORY
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND PROCESSES
POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES
POLITICAL REGIONALISM AND ETHNOPOLITICS
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
REVIEWS
Slisovskiy D.E., Shulenina N.V. Reviews of the article by L.J. Arapkhanova and M.B. Dolgieva "Highland aristocracy in the system of Russian administration in the North Caucasus in the XVIII-XIX centuries"
POLITICAL HISTORY
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Sciences (political sciences), Professor, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, People’s Deputy (1990-1993), Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 90s. MEMOIRS OF THE RUSSIAN DEPUTY
The article considers the political situation in Russia at the beginning of the 90-ies of the last century on the basis of historical facts. The author describes difficult conditions for the development of democracy in national provinces. Specific examples in the Mordovian ASSR reveal complex relationships between Russian national authorities and authorities in the national constituencies.
Key words: the story of the' 90s, the national province, Democrats, Communists, the CPSU Central Committee, Saransk city Council, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Council of Nationalities, Chairman of the Parliamentary Commission, Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR.
L.Ya. ARAPKHANOVA candidate of political sciences, Associate Professor of the History Department of the Ingush State University, leading researcher of the Ingush scientific research Institute named after Chah Akhriev, Magas, Russia
M.B. DOLGIYEVA Professor of Ingush state University, leading researcher of the Ingush scientific research Institute named after Chah Akhriev, Magas, Russia
THE HIGHLANDER ARISTOCRACY IN THE ADMINISTRATION SISTEM IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN XVIII-XIX c.
The article analyzes the process of mountain peoples’ integration into the Russian political landscape and the experience of the Russian Authorities in establishing local government bodies.
The foreign policy of Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries focused on the involvement of the Caspian and the Black sea regions into the Russian political area was rather successful. The creation of the government bodies, which were introducing the administrative routines being unusual for the highlanders, became a novelty for the traditional societies. Nevertheless, after integration into Russia, the mountain societies managed to keep a considerable part of traditional governance in their social order. In this regard, the aim of the article is to present a role and a value of Russia in establishing a new state authority considering the interests of traditional public institution of social relations regulation in the aspects of the adaptation to the new Russian governmental system.
The work focuses on 1770-1800 years, that is the period of the forced annexation of the North Caucasus territories and the gradual extending over them the national governmental system and legislation.
In particular, acts of Ingush’s oath about loyalty to Russia in 1770, acceptance in "Eternal citizenship of Russia" of Zasolotskaya Kumykia and Tarkovskiy Shamkhalate possessions in 1793, Caucasian area formation in 1785, as well as "Regulations on mountain peoples" adopted by Catherine II in 1786, and other acts.
Thus, the article studies the nature of the relationships between government and society. A new model of governance in the Caucasus and the role of local people in the Russian public administration system are shown.
Key words: Russia, North Caucasus, integration, administration system, administration, authority, mountain aristocracy, traditional institutions.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND PROCESSES
Y.A. PUSTOVOIT Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Assistant Professor at the Chair of political sciences and technologies, Siberian Institute of Management, branch of RANEPA, Novosibirsk, Russia
А.М. BARSUKOV Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Deputy Dean of the Faculty of politics and international relations, Siberian Institute of Management, branch of RANEPA, Novosibirsk, Russia
Е.V. SHEVTSOVA Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Assistant Professor at the Chair of management, Siberian Institute of Management, branch of RANEPA, Novosibirsk, Russia
PROTESTS IN SIBERIAN CITIES: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STUDIES
The article is devoted to theoretical and methodological problems of investigating protests in the cities of Siberia. It shows how protest communities shape the agenda. Research was undertaken on causes of the growth of protest activity in the cities of Siberia. The authors of the article, as a hypothesis, denote the interrelation and mutual influence between the urban political regime, the degree of split and consolidation of protest communities. The article outlines methodological approaches to the analysis of protests and presents a possible tool for studying the motivation of participants and organizers of protests.
Key words: political protests, protest behavior, protest communities, Siberia.
D.V. SHUMILINA PhD-student of Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
PROBLEM OF LOW REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL SPHERE
The article deals with the problem of low representativeness of women in parties, legislative and executive authorities. The object of research of this article is the problem of low representation of women in the political sphere, especially in the higher echelons of power. The goal is to examine the nature of the problem and its consequences. Proposals are made on possible ways of changing the situation, such as: the introduction of quotas, the creation of committees on gender equality, the support of women's non-governmental organizations.
Key words: politics, gender, gender equality, human rights, gender inequality, discrimination, right to vote.
O.D. GROSSMAN Master of Political Science, Moscow, Russia
N.T. TRIFONOV Postgraduate Student, Chair of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF COUNTERACTION OF RADICAL IDEOLOGY IN THE CIVIL SOCIETY
Radical ideology is destructive and inhuman for any socio-political process in modern civil society. The article analyzes normative legal acts aimed at combating the spread of radical ideas. Elements of radicalism are found in official program documents of parties, whose political orientation can be declared as monarchical, moderate, communist, and even liberal.
Key words: civil society, radical ideology, normative legal act, party, propaganda, law, political process.
D.V. POTAPOV postgraduate student at the Chair of world politics and international relations, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES OF "DEMOCRACY PROMOTION" AND PERSPECIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE POLITICAL REGIME IN RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the prospects for the United States to use the democracy promotion technology for a forced transformation of Russia’s political regime. On the materials of foreign publications the author demonstrates the essence of the concept of "democracy promotion" (democracy promotion, diffusion of democracy, assistance on democracy building). The article considers differences in the mechanisms of the socium formation in the two countries that explain the continued hostility and the feeling of the mission to transform Russia existing in the Americans subconscious. The article cites facts demonstrating the internal readiness of the United States not only to the forced transformation of the political regime, but also to the physical destruction of the Russian population. It is shown that currently the United States is a kind of "a colony with limited political subjectness" of the global network structure consisting of managing owners of the largest investment funds and transnational corporations, in fact, such structure is the true subject of the transformations in Russia's political regime. Economic and political issues affecting the well-being of the largest American investment funds and transnational corporations are growing so rapidly that the United States with its plans of forced democratic transit and transformation of Russia’s political regime found itself in time trouble. This allows the author to be optimistic about the prospects of a sovereign (rather than a democratic) transit of power in the framework of further transformations of Russia’s political regime.
Key words: political regime, transformation, democracy promotion, political subjectness, global network structure, sovereign transit of power.
R.А. TATAROV postgraduate student at the Transnistrian State University named after T.G. Shevchenko, Tiraspol, Transnistria
LEGITIMACY LEVELS OF THE TRANSNISTRIAN STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MECHANISMS
The author focuses on the features of formation of the legitimate foundations of the Transnistrian state in the early 1990s, as well as current realities in the functioning of the political system in the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. Special attention is paid to the levels of legitimacy in the Transnistrian state, which form a holistic view of functioning of the government institutions in the TMR.
Key words: legitimacy, political system, power, Transnistria, referendum, the USSR.
H. AKHMEDOV Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), doctoral student of Uzbek State National University named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS OF THE RENEWAL POLICY
The article analyzes the essence and meaning of laws, regulations and decisions adopted with the view of implementing the Strategy of actions aimed at the development of Uzbekistan in five priority areas in 2017-2021. These documents demonstrate the importance of strengthening civic consciousness, civic position, legal culture and activeness of the people.
Key words: decrees and decisions, laws, development, social changes, democracy, civil society, legal culture, renewal of the society.
POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES
O.A. NESTERCHUK Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
D.А. IGLIN Master of Political Science, Moscow, Russia
V.A. GLEBOV Ph.D. in Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Political Analysis and Management, Deputy Head of the Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
COMPUTER GAMES AS AN ELEMENT OF MODERN CIVIL POLITICAL CULTURE
Computer games have a great potential as a tool for the formation of civil political culture. Despite a number of game conventions and features games are connected with the actual political issues of our time, they help to form civil positions and create a model of functioning in the political sphere comprehensible for the mass audience. Games organize interest in politics, people turn to sources and literature for the details and it has a positive impact on the level of civil political culture.
Key words: politics, computer games, civil political culture, arts, history.
I.S. DOROSHENKO Candidate PhD Diplomatic academy of Russian Foreign Ministry, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AS A TOOL FOR SHAPING THE COMMON POLICY OF THE NORDIC COUNTRIES IN THE ARCTIC
Despite the fact that humanity has reached a high level of development, there are still unexplored and undeveloped territories on the Earth, which, due to their climatic features, require a new approach to development. To date, this approach is digitalization and the development of information and communication processes. That is why the author considers it expedient to consider state programs on digitalization of the territory, as well as global international projects in the context of the overall development of the Arctic region. According to the author, the development of ICT and new digital technologies, whose aim is work in the northern latitudes, will serve as a consolidating link, the basis for the further development of infrastructure in the Arctic. The article proves the relevance of the study, provides an analysis of the current situation of the ICT industry in the circumpolar countries of Europe, and describes the prospects for common projects and the interest of transnational corporations using natural cooling. Digitalization meets the requirements of sustainable development, which is a priority in all Arctic concepts of the Nordic countries and can serve as an effective tool in building the common policy of the North European. A similar trend can be used by other Arctic countries.
Key words: Information and communication technologies, digitalization, Arctic, Northern Europe, Arctic concepts, Sustainable development.
V.I. KLIMCHUCK postgraduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
SOCIAL NETWORKS: FROM THE VIRTUAL TO THE REAL
Currently, social networks, as a relatively new information technology tool, play an increasingly important role in the daily and social life of the population. Regulation of this institution is important for the state and its citizens. The dissemination of illegal information must necessarily be prosecuted by law enforcement agencies, but it is essential to draw a line between the expression of one’s opinion that someone might not like because of the political views and extremism.
Key words: information technologies, social networks, crime, law enforcement agencies, memes.
POLITICAL REGIONALISM AND ETHNOPOLITICS
J.S. SARKAROVA Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Acting Head of the Chair of legal support, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
POLITICAL MODERNIZATION OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE ECONOMY
The article gives an analysis of some, in the opinion of the author, of the most important factors, which are neglected in political science, which exert a more or less significant influence on the processes of political modernization of the national republics of the North Caucasus Federal District. The main focus is on a complex of problems that serve as a brake on the transition of the region's economy to sustainable development, which negatively affects the further development of the power system of the respective republics. It is shown that the state of the economy itself depends on the state of the civil society and political leadership. Therefore, the main problem of the republics is the need for radical changes in the power system, the acceptance by the leadership of federal and regional levels of willful decisions of denationalization or de-ethnization of the principles of recruitment of higher state bodies, and the principle of the primacy of professionalism over ethnicity.
Key words: Russian Federation, North Caucasus, North Caucasus Federal District, power, politics, republic, ethnos, economy, shadow economy, corruption, clans.
R.М. EMIROV Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Moscow, Russia
THE CAUCASUS AS A SINGLE GEOPOLITICAL SPACE
The article attempts to give the author's understanding of the Caucasus as a single geopolitical space, which, in turn, is closely related to the Middle East. On the example of the relationship between the Russian North Caucasus and the South Caucasus states, on the one hand, and the Greater Middle East, on the other, an attempt has been made to identify and analyze the content and essence of the concepts of "territory" and "geopolitical space". It is shown that these concepts do not always and do not necessarily coincide with each other, since the geopolitical space, crossing the state borders, can be wider than the territory. The thesis is substantiated, according to which, these two regions from ethno-national, confessional, socio-cultural and other points of view with all their significant differences, have much in common. This allows, with certain reservations, to consider them as a single geopolitical space.
Key words: geopolitics, politics, state, geo-political space, territory, Caucasus, Middle East, region, people, ethnos.
J.M. BORBODOEV Kyrgyz State University named after I. Arabaev Candidate of Sciences (Pedagogic) Doktorate student, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF STATE REGULATION IN PROVISION OF THE NATIONAL IDENTITY
This article looks at the role of the state and society in developing interethnic and integrative relations and in providing national identity in the Kyrgyz Republic. The article highlights that maintenance of interethnic tolerance, social and national equality among the citizens of the country is considered to be one of the fundamental responsibilities of the state authorities and public organizations. It is noted that consolidation of the ethnic groups in the Kyrgyz Republic should be carried out through implementation of the state policies directed on eliminating political, economic, social and cultural inequality in all fields of life activities.
Key words: ethnicity, ethnic groups, interethnic relations, inter-national relations, titular nation, identity, national unity, ethno-politics, political party, state policy, tolerance, consolidation.
O.Yu. DUBROVINA PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor of International Relations, the Siberian Institute of International Relations and Regional Studies, Novosibirsk, Russia
TRANSBOUNDARY REGIONS AND SPACES: FEATURES OF CREATION AND ACTIVITIES
The article examines cross-border regions and spaces, shows the features of their creation and activity.
This problem is very relevant. A few decades ago, the participation of sub-state regions in international cooperation was a rare phenomenon. Today, the international communication of the regions of states have become an essential component of international relations and foreign policy. Trans-border cooperation became one of the forms of interregional interaction and regionalization, which contributes to the intensification of political, economic and socio-cultural ties between regions and states.
The goal of the work is to study cross-border regions and spaces as a form of international cooperation. The task is to examine the features of their creation and activities.
The system methodology and method of studying international documents regulating international relations of the regions of states were used for the research.
The following results were achieved: the international documents regulating the creation of transboundary regions and spaces were analyzed, the definition of cross-border cooperation, transboundary regions and spaces was given; the main reasons, approaches and variants of their creation are shown.
In the course of the research, the author came to the following conclusion: the creation of cross-border regions and spaces can be carried out in three ways: the first one is the organization of cooperation without the status of a legal entity; the second is the creation of mono-national organizations; the third is the creation of multinational organizations. These variants of cross-border regions and spaces make it possible to redistribute powers in the sphere of international relations between states and their border regions, to solve the issues that become transnational in the border area.
Key words: regionalization, region of states, sub-state region, international relations, international cooperation, cross-border cooperation, cross-border regions and spaces, transboundary region, transboundary cooperation, trans-border cooperation, trans-border region.
Yu.B. KOZLOVA Cand. Sci. (Soc.), Associate Prof., Department of Political Science, Sociology and Public Relations of Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (USPTU), Ufa, Russia
E.R. SALIMGAREEVA Graduate Student, Department of Political Science, Sociology and Public Relations Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Ufa, Russia
DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHIC TOURISM AS AN ACTUAL DIRECTION IN THE STATE POLICY OF PRESERVATION AND REVIVAL OF ETHNO-CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOURNIS SY VILLAGE IN BEREZOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE KHANTY MANSI ADMINISTRATIVE REGION– UGRA)
The article considers the measures of the state policy in the field of protection of the native habitat, preservation and development of the traditional way of life, management and promys-lov of indigenous peoples of the North by supporting ethnographic tourism on the example of the creation and functioning of the ethnographic village "Sorni Sey" in the Berezovsky district of KHMAO-Yugra.
Key words: socio-economic development of indigenous peoples of the North of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, original culture, development of ethnographic tourism, state support of indigenous peoples of the North.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
L.L. KHOPЕRSKAYA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of International Relations of the Kirghiz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
NEW TACTICS OF THE «ISLAMIC STATE» ON THE EURASIAN SPACE
The article summarizes the disparate facts that indicate the formation of a new tactic of the spread of Islamic extremism in the Eurasian space. The radical international terrorist organization «Islamic State» (IG) is currently aiming not to seize new territories by armed attacks, but to overthrow the legitimate authorities of the Eurasian states. The instrument for achieving this goal is the creation of terrorist groups in various parts of the world, including the states of Central Asia and the regions of Russia. In the ranks of the IG were fought about nine thousand people from the post-Soviet countries. After the defeat in Syria in December 2017, these «experienced» IG fighters return to their homeland, where they conduct propaganda activities to recruit new supporters of the spread of radical ideology.
The new tactic is that several scenarios are being implemented in parallel. The first: recruited, but not previously involved in combat operations, citizens as labor migrants are sent to the regions of Russia and from the already existing labor migrants and local residents create «sleeping» terrorist cells and channels for the transfer of their members to participate in military operations in composition of international terrorist organizations. The second: extremist cells are created directly in the territories of the Central Asian states with a view to changing the political structure and the foreign policy course of these countries. The third part of those deported from Russia for violating the legislation of migrants is sent to the militant base in Afghanistan, where it undergoes special training and subsequently becomes the nucleus of various kinds of extremist organizations.
The new tactics of the IG act as a complex threat to regional security, the best countermeasure of which is the escalation of Eurasian integration in all possible directions, including coordination of the activities of law enforcement agencies and law enforcement agencies, harmonization of the regulatory framework, intensification of interaction between civil society institutions, religious, educational and humanitarian organizations.
Key words: international terrorist organization «Islamic state», Eurasian space, new tactics of IG, labor migration, terrorist acts, Eurasian integration.
F.P. URAZAEVA Candidate of Sciences (history), Head Researcher at the Academy of Humanities of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
US – JAPAN ALLIANCE: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES
Above all the revival of Japan after the Second World War and its successful reaching the level of the second largest world economy attached to maintaining the alliance with the United States. The alliance of Japan and the United States has always been recognized as an element strengthening Japanese diplomacy.
The US-Japan alliance is still the basis of Japan's foreign policy today, what can be traced through the offices of prime ministers of the 21st century. The interdependence of the two countries is increasing because of the rising tensions on the world stage as a whole. Washington needs an alliance with Tokyo to strengthen its positions in the Asia-Pacific region, and in case of Japan, strong ally is necessary to solve problems of national security. The change in Japanese foreign and defense policy has an important regional and global significance. Japan is the main US ally in the APR and the gap, or whatever changes in the alliance may disrupt strategic stability in the region, which will lead to changes beyond its borders.
Key words: USA, Japan, alliance, APR, foreign policy.
R.S. GOLOVANOV candidate of political sciences, candidate of jurisprudence, doctoral student of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EURASIAN INTEGRATION
The article is devoted to the description of various theoretical and methodological approaches to integration processes. In particular, the general theory of integration, reflecting the process of strengthening the interdependence and coherence of elements of the social system; the theory of globalization, which views integration as a multidimensional process at the regional and world level. The specifics of the geopolitical approach are highlighted, which consists in the fact that the ideological foundations of regional integration are assessed depending on the geopolitics shared picture of the world order: unipolar, bipolar or multipolar. Socio-economic theories analyzing regional integration as a tool for ensuring the optimal international division of labor are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to European economic integration, its goals, types and levels. It is shown how within the framework of two main classical theories of integration – functionalism and federalism – there was a separation of the political science, that is, connected with the system of distribution of powers, aspect.
The review of the publications devoted to the Eurasian integration is presented. The article shows that scientists are mainly focused on studying the economic or institutional and legal aspects of this process, on identifying signs, problems and prospects for Eurasian integration. The author comes to the conclusion that, on the whole, research of an applied nature predominates, in which regional (Eurasian) integration is presented as a clear concept on the intuitive level. At the same time, there is a lack of a strict political definition of Eurasian integration. The author considers the most fruitful view on Eurasian integration as a political construct combining economic, geopolitical, spiritual, cultural, ethno-social, political and legal principles, the correlation of which at different stages of project development can change.
Key words: theory of integration, theory of globalization, regional economic integration, political aspect of integration, Eurasian project.
R.N. SHANGARAEV PhD, assistant professor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
POSITIONS NON-REGIONAL SYRIAN CRISIS ATTITUDE
Within the framework of this research, the goals and tasks of the US, Iran and the EU in the Middle East region will be considered. At the present stage, extra-regional players are trying to build a new polycentric geopolitical configuration in the Middle East. The issue of the future of the region is not in the least related to the relations between Moscow, Turkey and Tehran.
Key words: Middle East, Syrian crisis, Russia, USA, European Union, Turkey, Iran, ISIS.
R.V. TODOROVA graduate student, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
ENERGY SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
The article discusses the terms «energy security» and «energy policy» of the European Union. Like all global problems, the energy security problem cannot be viewed as an isolated problem, but as part of a complex, often contradictory relationship between states. Most European countries depend heavily on the supply of fuel-energy raw materials. Although all the member states of the European Union have transferred some of their sovereignty in some areas to European institutions, energy policy is an area that basically remains within the competence of their own state institutions.
Key words: energy security, energy policy, energy, European Union, international relations, state, economy.
D.R. FATYKHOV Postgraduate at the Department of world political processes, Moscow State Institute of International Relations Of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
EU INFORMATION POLICY EVOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF EXTERNAL THREATS
The article looks at the as of yet understudied correlations between new threats to European security and unity caused by EU’s continued involvement into crises and conflicts beyond its borders, and the formation and evolution of supranational institutions in charge of European information policies. The coup and civil conflict in Ukraine, civil wars and continued instability in the Mediterranean and the Middle East (Libya, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan) produced a number of specific challenges to the European Union, not only politically and economically, but also in the information sphere. European authorities responded to the new threats by creating a number of groundbreaking institutions that may later form the basis of a EU-wide system of foreign information policies.
Key words: Information policy, EU, integration, information, mass media, Syria, foreign policy, refugees.
D.E. PALILOV post-graduate student Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC PROJECT THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE
Current problems and trends in the development of a transport and logistics project called the Northern Sea Route are considered in the article. The conditions under which rapid development of the Northern Sea Route and its usage as an important artery of international trade are being allocated. The key political aspects and factors having direct and indirect influence on the active usage of the Northern Sea Route are given in analysis. In particular, the issue of cooperation between the Russian Federation and China, and the role of the latter in the development of icebreaker fleet is considered. In conclusion the prospects for the development of the Northern Sea Route and means of its stimulating are presented.
Key words: northern sea route, political aspects, policy, political science, geopolitical factors, sanctions, international trade, foreign economic activity.
M.L. KARDANOVA Teacher of Department of European Languagesб Institute of International Relations, Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk, Russia
FOREIGN POLICY OF THE MODERN STATES AS POLICY OF PRIORITIES
This article examines the analysis of the terms framework which is used at research of foreign policy. It is revealed that the foreign policy of states in the modern world is a policy of priorities. Texts where the term "priorities of foreign policy" is used are analysed and divided into groups. On the basis of contents of these texts it is determined what kind of policy of priorities is, what aims pursues. Author's definition of the term "foreign policy priority" is given. Differences between foreign policy priorities and foreign policy purposes and tasks are also explained in the article.
Key words: foreign policy, general line in foreign policy, foreign policy priorities, foreign-policy objectives, foreign policy targets.
O.I. SHMIDT Master of International Relations Nord-West Institute of Management - branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
FOREIGN POLICY OF THE FRG IN THE PRESENT STAGE
At the current stage the German foreign policy course is determined by several factors connected with global changes that have taken place in world politics both in the second half of the 20th century and after the events of 2014. In the conditions of the growing global political and economic crisis, the growth of internal contradictions, Germany has faced the following tasks: strengthening its political role in the European Union; carrying out of the course which is more independent from the dictates of overseas partners; build-up of mobilization capacities and modernization of technical equipment of own armed forces; expansion and strengthening of military cooperation in the political paradigm of the EU-NATO (as a tool for ensuring security and defense of the European Union); a resolution of the migration crisis.
Key words: Germany, FRG, European Union, republic, foreign policy, economy, integration.
REVIEWS
REVIEW of the article by L.J. Arapkhanova and M.B. Dolgieva "Highland aristocracy in the system of Russian administration in the North Caucasus in the XVIII-XIX centuries"
Reviewers:
D.E. Slisovskiy PhD in History, Professor of Department of Humanities and social Sciences, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
N.V. Shulenina Candidate of Sciences (philosophy), Associate Professor at the Chair of political analysis and management, Peoples ' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia