№ 12 (112), 2024
Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 14, Issue 12 (112), 2024
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
Skrebets E.V., Matveyeva Ya.V. The Concept of «Empire» in Domestic Political Philosophy (Part I)
Gochmuradova G. Test of Power in the "Shahname" of A. Firdausi
Gavrov S.N., Eremkin M.P. The Falklands Conflict: Historical, Theoretical and Methodological Basis for the Analysis of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts
Khasanov Sh.Sh. Political Conflict Studies: Current State and Development Prospects
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
Salikhov E.T. Armed Forces and the State: Philosophical-Political Approaches to Civil Control
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Anvarov A. Analysis of the Political Culture of Uzbekistan Youth in the Process of Society Modernization
Afonin M.V., Kabirova A.Sh., Podanev D.A. Political Parties as a Subject of Socio-Political Relations (Technologies and Models of Political Communication)
Ghercic Iu. Shaping Russia's Image in the Media of Unfriendly Countries and Potential Russian Response Measures
Datukishvili E.Z., Popov S.I., Nesterenko N.A. The Research Framework for the Analysis of the Institute of the Presidency of the Russian Federation in Modern Conditions
Oleshkevich T.A. Political Technologies of Regulation of Interethnic Relations: Concept, Structural Elements
Protsenko A.L. Formation of the Image of the State in New Media
Morozova S.S., Dedul A.G., Bulatov I.A. Security and Privacy Issues in the Context of Digital Civic Participation Security
Krisyuk A.I. The Chinese Social Trust System: a Brief Overview of the Prerequisites for the Emergence and Current Level of Development
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
Ziyev I.A. Neocorporativist Mechanisms of Political Relations Between State Bodies and Business Structures: Practice of Developed Western Countries
Nikitin A.Yu. Promoting the Interests of Mining Industry Pressure Groups within the Framework of their Interaction with the State
Shtetsberg A.M. Educational Preferences of Chinese Citizens as a Problem of Foreigners Mastering the Russian Education Market
Agafonov A.V. The Problem of Youth Political Leadership in the Context of Gender Theory
Vorobyev S.V., Naryshkin A.A. On the Policy of Digitalization of Public Administration Using the Example of Promoting International Trade
Saygushinskaya S.A. Formation of the Public Policy in the Field of Foreign Agents: Main Features (on Examples of Russian and USA)
Soloviev V.A., Samolyanov O.A., Stryuk G.G. Customer Centricity in the Context of Leadership Problems – Updating the Issue
HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
Burikova I.S. Hybrid Wars as a New Type of Interstate Aggression
Egorov S.S. Special Military Operation in Ukraine: the Undeclared War of Western Countries Against Russia
Kant T.V. Formation of the Concept of "Soft Power" and its Place in Russian Political Discourse
Kozhukhova K.E. The Essence and Typology of National Strategic Cultures as the Basis of the Vector of the State's Foreign Policy Course
Mutalimov A.E., Magomedova A.A. Theses of a Comparative Analysis of Political and Socio-Economic Contacts in the History of Russia and the West
Rogov Yu.A. U.S. Public Diplomacy Transformation in the Epoch of Artificial Intelligence
Sugonyaev P.M. The Foreign Policy Provision of Energy Security of the Modern Federal Republic of Germany
Gu Qianwei. Transport Projects of China and Central and Eastern European Countries within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative
Kasianenko A.V. Russian-Turkish Fuel and Energy Cooperation as a Factor in the Intensification of Military-Political Relations Between the Two Countries
Klimova A.S. Counter-Terrorism Strategy «Contest» in the Context of the UK Counter-Terrorism Policy in the First Quarter of the 21st Century (Part III)
Odynets D.O. The Role and Influence of the Media in Shaping Public Opinion and Evaluating the Activities of Political Parties and their Leaders in the United States
Shudrik M.V. The Information Wars in 1990-2000s: the Consequences and Experience
Bokeria S.A., Selena Andreina Madris Rito. Political Instability and Humanitarian Crises in Haiti
REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS
Slizovsky D.E., Medvedev N.P. Information, Hybrid and Proxy Wars: Overview of the Latest Research
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.001
E.V. SKREBETS Ph.D. of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Sevastopol State University, Law Institute, Head of the Department «Civil Law and Litigation», Sevastopol, Russia
YA.V. MATVEYEVA Senior Lecturer, Sevastopol State University, Institute of Social Sciences and International Relations, Senior Lecturer of the Department of «Social, Philosophical and Political Sciences», Sevastopol, Russia
THE CONCEPT OF «EMPIRE» IN DOMESTIC POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY PART I
The problem of the concept of «empire» in domestic political and philosophical thought is chosen as the subject of the research. Attention is drawn to the complexity and multidimensionality of the phenomenon of empire, the absence of its generally recognisable definition in philosophical science. Terminological discussion on imperial problems in the Russian scientific community is traced. The basic characteristics of empire in the perceptions of Russian scientists are analysed. It is noted that the modern Russian imperial idea is the result of a long-term theoretical search and rethinking of the millennial path overcame by the Russian state. It is emphasised that active discussions of the problems of empire by modern scholars, specialising in political philosophy, give a new impetus to the understanding of contemporary Russian problems. It is concluded that at present the empire is studied as a possible means of adaptation of Russia to the conditions of the emerging world order.
Key words: empire, imperial idea, «imperialism», imperial model, «imperial order», «imperial body», «imperial consciousness», superstatehood, metropolis, «centre-periphery», imperiology.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.002
G. GOCHMURADOVA Postgraduate student, Department of History of Socio-Political Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
TEST OF POWER IN THE "SHAHNAME" OF A. FIRDAUSI
Introduction. Despite the fact that the poem "Shahname" was written by the poet Firdausi in the 10th-11th centuries, the socio-political ideas of the epic have not lost their relevance to this day. Such ideas include the idea that the state is based on the faith and power of the ruler [9. P. 148], the idea of the primacy of divine law and justice. Thus, it can be found that Iran remains a theocratic state, and the country's constitution begins with the words "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful" – and then the following verse from the Koran is given: "Verily, We have sent Our Messengers with clear proofs, and sent down with them the Book and the scales, that people may uphold justice".
The article is devoted to the study of power as a test for rulers in the Shahnameh and consists of parts that reveal the historical and religious context of the development of the concept of power; analysis of myths and legends associated with the struggle for power (tales about Goshtasp, Lokhrasp and Isfendiyar, myths about Zohak, Irej, Jemshid, Kay-Khosrow, etc.); analysis of the influence of social hierarchy and the idea of justice on the concept of power; consideration of the moral aspects of power.
Purpose and objectives. To reveal the idea of power as a test for rulers and analyze the ways to overcome the temptation of power in the Shahnameh.
Methods. The methodological basis of the article is political textology, general scientific and historical research methods.
Results. Through myths, legends and stories, Firdausi shows that true power stems from virtues. In order to avoid the destructive aspects of power and its abuse, the Shahnameh speaks of the need to elevate virtuous people in politics.
Conclusions. Power in the Shahnameh, being closely associated with the divine principle, is not only a gift, but also a test for the ruler. The legitimacy of power stems from divine approval. Firdausi shows in the Shahnameh how such virtues of the ruler affect the fate of not only the king himself, but also the state and the people. The struggle for power in the Shahnameh reveals both noble and negative qualities of the heroes of the epic, demonstrating the destructive aspects of power. Firdausi emphasizes the inevitability of retribution for unjust acts.
Key words: Shahnameh, power, king, concept of power, good, evil, political textual criticism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.003
S.N. GAVROV Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Professor of the Department of Mass Communications and Media Business, Financial University, Moscow, Russia
M.P. EREMKIN Student of the Department of Mass Communications and Media Business, Financial University, Moscow, Russia
THE FALKLANDS CONFLICT: HISTORICAL, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS
This article considers the main approaches to the study of the essence of interethnic conflicts on the example of the Falklands conflict. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that at the moment many conflicts that are in a frozen state tend to flare up and move into a hot phase. The reason for all this is world instability, the struggle for redistribution of world domination, and the transition to multipolarity. All these reasons somehow or other push the countries having some or other territorial disagreements to certain actions, be it a military operation or publication/statements on these issues by the highest officials of the states, which leads to the escalation of the conflict. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the main approaches to the study of interethnic conflicts. The main task before us is to identify the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of interethnic conflicts on the example of the conflict between Great Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands. And to achieve this task we analyzed the works of scholars of conflictologists, in particular those specializing in international conflicts, and identified the main trends in the course and development of conflicts on ethnic grounds. In the course of our work we managed to prove that the main causes of conflicts on national grounds are: conflict over a disputed territory, internal territorial division, the existence of peoples without statehood, as well as the presence of unrecognized states. Also on the basis of the works of such a scientist as: S. Lantsov, we have identified the main methods that contribute to the settlement of interethnic conflicts. These include: the political will of one of the opposing states, the surrender of one of the parties due to defeat on the battlefield or the collapse of the economy, as well as the participation of a third party in the role of mediator. This topic has further prospects for study, as the process of conflict resolution has become increasingly complex over the years, and there are fewer and fewer options for diplomatic, peaceful, bloodless conflict resolution.
Key words: Inter-ethnic conflict, conflict resolution, S. Lancov, conflictology, territorial conflict, statehood, political will, mediator, hot phase, diplomacy, Falkland Islands, Great Britain, Argentina.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.004
SH.SH. KHASANOV Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Associate Professor, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
POLITICAL CONFLICT STUDIES: CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The article examines the current state and main directions of development of conflictology as a philosophical, political science in the historical aspect, analyzes the process of emergence and development of the institute of conflictology as a type of social science. The author analyzes the state of world and domestic political conflictology. The author reveals the stages of development of the theory of conflicts in the world, the specifics of the formation of political conflictology and the formation of the conflictological scientific community in the country, explores those scientific problems that conflictology faces.
Key words: conflict, contradiction, political conflicts, pessimistic and optimistic approach, level of violence in conflict, structural functionalism, dialectical concept, political conflictology, political power, functions of political conflictology.
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.005
E.T. SALIKHOV Independent applicant, the Higher School of Strategic analysis and prognosis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
ARMED FORCES AND THE STATE: PHILOSOPHICAL-POLITICAL APPROACHES TO CIVIL CONTROL
The article considers the armed forces as the most important instrument of state protection, but at the same time emphasizes their potential danger to society and the state due to their monopoly on the right to use force. The analysis of philosophical and political views on the role of the armed forces in the state is carried out based on the ideas of thinkers and statesmen of different eras: from antiquity to Marxist and modern theories. The approaches of Plato, Aristotle, Shang Yang, Amir Timur, Machiavelli, Clausewitz, the authors of Arthashastra and Siyaset-name to issues of control over the army and its interaction with the state are considered. The article also considers the Marxist perception of the army as an instrument of class struggle and a defender of socialist ideals and ends with an analysis of Huntington's models of civilian control over the military. The methodological basis of the study includes an analysis of key works examining the role of the army in the state in different historical eras and in different political systems.
Key words: armed forces, army, security, civil-military relations, civilian control.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.006
A. ANVAROV Applicant of the National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN YOUTH IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIETY MODERNIZATION
The article analyzes the processes ongoing today, the adopted regulatory documents, and the organized activities of various organizations in the direction of developing youth political culture in Uzbekistan. In the system of political culture, in its improvement, raising it to a new qualitative level, youth issues, which occupy a special place, their interest in politics and propensity to participate in political processes, are of practical importance for the national development and well-being of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Key words: political processes, socialization of youth, national identity, socio-economic development, political system, political culture.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.007
M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
A.SH. KABIROVA Master's student of the Faculty of Economics of the State University of Education, Moscow, Russia
D.A. PODANEV Master's student of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law of the State University of Education, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL PARTIES AS A SUBJECT OF SOCIO-POLITICAL RELATIONS (TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION)
The modern landscape of observed socio-political changes reveals some problematic features associated with the formulation of an ideological and value basis and the use of tools by influential political actors. In this regard, relevant requirements are imposed with regard to the functioning of political parties in the context of maintaining their own political legitimacy and ensuring public trust. The problem of the formulation of effective technologies for the construction of socio-political relations by political parties at the present stage is actualized. As a result, the author identifies some models of modern political communication used by political parties as one of the key participants in political processes – the postclassical (postmodern, metamodern) model of political communication, the reconceptualization of the political sphere, the restructuring of the political sphere, structural functionalism, technocratic instrumentalism, the expansion of the institutional framework for interaction between the state and society.
Key words: political parties, political communication, political influence, society, state, political technologies.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.008
Iu. GHERCIC Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Social Sciences and Mass Communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
SHAPING RUSSIA'S IMAGE IN THE MEDIA OF UNFRIENDLY COUNTRIES AND POTENTIAL RUSSIAN RESPONSE MEASURES
This scientific article presents a content analysis of publications in German media that shape public opinion not only in Germany but also serve as a benchmark for other European news sources, with the aim of constructing the external image of the Russian Federation through the prism of coverage of topics related to Russia and its actions in the geopolitical arena. The period of news coverage for 2014-2024 is examined. The negative dynamics of the change in tone in news coverage about Russia over the above-mentioned period are highlighted. The key components in the formation of Russia's image abroad are identified.
Key words: Russia, image, media, nuclear weapons, aggressor, military actions.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.009
Е.Z. DATUKISHVILI Candidate of Political sciences, Deputy head of the Representative office of the Tambov region to the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
S.I. POPOV Candidate of political sciences, Associate professor, Associate professor of the Department of public policy and history of state and law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples' friendship university, Moscow, Russia
N.A. NESTERENKO Candidate of psychological sciences, Associate professor of the Department of socio-political institutions, processes and technologies of the Russian state social university, Moscow, Russia
THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE INSTITUTE OF THE PRESIDENCY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The main purpose of this article is to formulate a research framework for the analysis of the Institute of the Presidency of the Russian Federation at the present stage. In addition to the existing positive experience of the development of the institution of the presidency of modern states, some negative features of the strengthening of presidential power are identified, associated with the intersection and/or duplication of official powers of the executive and legislative branches of government, the weakness of the arbitration procedures used, the minimization of political competition in elections, etc. The author highlights such subject areas as ensuring political legitimacy, optimizing the structural and functional specifics of the system of public authorities, strengthening the system of checks and balances within the framework of political decisions, promoting historical continuity of political development, creating conditions for the implementation of "manual" political management, operating formal institutional and procedural political practices, expanding politicalfunctional capabilities, maintaining resilience to political challenges, updating political trust, building international authority and geopolitical influence. The theoretical foundations of the research of the Institute of the Presidency of the Russian Federation are considered using some works of foreign and domestic researchers and the formation of a theoretical and methodological basis for the analysis of the Institute of the presidency (systemic, institutional, structural, and functional, political, and legal, behavioral, anthropological approaches). The article analyzes the political and administrative functions of the institute of the presidency in relation to the implementation of security and control actions, stabilization of the political system and interstate interaction in a modern interpretation. The main criteria for the effectiveness of the institution of the presidency in relation to the subject area of the achieved political goals and objectives are substantiated. At the same time, the contradictory features and problems of socio-political development that are being actualized today (the manifestation of the inefficiency of mechanisms for ensuring political control, the emergence of new digital tools, the strengthening of the political influence of the media, etc.) require improvement of research tools in relation to the study of the institute of the presidency. As a result, the author concludes that it is necessary to formulate an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the Institute of the presidency of the Russian Federation, considering modern Russian political practice.
Key words: Presidency, presidentialism, Russian Federation, President of the Russian Federation, head of state, executive authority, political institutions, political functions, efficiency criteria, theoretical and methodological approaches.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.010
T.A. OLESHKEVICH Associate Professor of the Department of Professional Training GAOU VO "Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian and Technical Institute", Nevinnomyssk, Russia
POLITICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF REGULATION OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS: CONCEPT, STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The article examines theoretical approaches to defining the essence of political technologies for managing social relations; based on their critical analysis, the author provides an original definition of the essence of political technologies for regulating interethnic (interethnic) relations and their typology.
By means of structural and functional analysis, the main structural elements, subsystems and their functions are identified in political technologies for regulating interethnic relations.
One of the theoretically and practically significant indicators of the political nature of technologies is the use of political power by government bodies and other participants in public relations for the purposes of regulating them.
Key words: technologies, political technologies, interethnic relations, interethnic relations, political technologies of regulating interethnic relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.012
A.L. PROTSENKO PhD Student at the Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia
FORMATION OF THE IMAGE OF THE STATE IN NEW MEDIA
The article examines mechanisms for shaping the state’s image in the context of the digitization of media space. Special attention is paid to new media as a tool of state policy, their role in strengthening national identity, and forming an international image. The work is based on the analysis of successful cases and contemporary theoretical approaches, as well as addressing challenges arising in the information society era. The results obtained can be used to develop state branding strategies.
Key words: state image, new media, digitalization, national identity, state branding.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.013
S.S. MOROZOVA Associate Professor, Department of Russian Politics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
A.G. DEDUL Lecturer, Faculty of Political Science, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
I.A. BULATOV Master's student, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL CIVIC PARTICIPATION SECURITY
The digitalization of public life has led to the transformation of traditional forms of civic participation, opening up new opportunities for citizens to interact with public institutions. However, the development of digital civic participation is accompanied by challenges related to the security and privacy of user data. The article analyzes key challenges in this area, including cyberattacks, data breaches and privacy issues, and offers recommendations to minimize them. Special attention is paid to legal, technical and educational aspects of data protection. The conclusions and recommendations presented are aimed at improving data security and citizens' trust in digital platforms.
Key words: digital civic engagement, data security, privacy, digitalization, cyber threats, information protection, digital literacy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.015
A.I. KRISYUK Postgraduate student of the Department of Comparative Political Science Peoples Friendship University of Russia, co-chairman of the ARIR Performance Committee, Moscow, Russia
THE CHINESE SOCIAL TRUST SYSTEM: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE AND CURRENT LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
Throughout history, ruling elites have used both direct coercion and soft power methods to maintain their dominance. These methods were aimed at creating favorable conditions for the rulers of the world in society, which allow them to effectively manage society and suppress any dissent before it manifests itself. In the modern era, the desire of the elite to retain power is manifested in the creation and implementation of digital technologies that allow them to control the behavior of citizens and organizations. In the context of active digitalization, the PRC has become a pioneer among countries in the world, officially declaring the creation of a nationwide surveillance system. This system, using carrot and stick mechanisms, is designed to regulate and shape population behavior patterns at a strategic level. The scale of this digital system carries a large number of serious areas, including direct technical implementation and support, as well as problems associated with the risks of unfair restrictions on the opportunities and freedoms of Chinese citizens.
Key words: digital transformation, digital profile, digital dictatorship, digital control, social scoring, social rating, digitalization, social networks, mobile Internet.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.016
I.A. ZIYEV Independent researcher, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
NEOCORPORATIVIST MECHANISMS OF POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN STATE BODIES AND BUSINESS STRUCTURES: PRACTICE OF DEVELOPED WESTERN COUNTRIES
Neocorporatism describes a political framework where organized interest groups such as business associations and labor unions are formally integrated into the policy-making process by the state. This study explores the mechanisms of neocorporatist political relations between state bodies and business structures in developed Western countries. It highlights the historical evolution, current practices, and challenges faced by these mechanisms. The analysis includes the decline of macro-corporatist structures, the role of consensus-based policymaking, strategies in government relations, trade union involvement, and the impact of public-private partnerships. The findings suggest that while neocorporatist arrangements face significant pressures from economic and political changes, they continue to play a crucial role in managing state-business interactions.
Key words: Neocorporatism, State-business relations, Policy-making, Interest groups, Public-private partnerships, Economic policy, Trade unions, Western Europe, Government relations, Political structures.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.017
A.Yu. NIKITIN Applicant of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
PROMOTING THE INTERESTS OF MINING INDUSTRY PRESSURE GROUPS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE STATE
This article is devoted to the study of the process of promoting the interests of pressure groups in the mining industry as part of their interaction with the state. To achieve the goal of the study, comparative, historical and genetic methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis of material, were used. The author identifies and analyzes the main tools and mechanisms of influence of representatives of mining industry groups on the state, identifies the main problems in the industry under study, as well as possible ways to solve them with the participation of the state.
Key words: mining industry, mining industry, pressure groups, state, Russian Federation, sanctions, risk-based approach, import substitution.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.018
A.M. SHTETSBERG Postgraduate student, program "Political problems of international relations of global and regional development", Central Russian Institute of Management, RANEPA, Vice-head of the Center for International Students Preparation of the Institute for Social Sciences, RANEPA, Moscow, Russia
EDUCATIONAL PREFERENCES OF CHINESE CITIZENS AS A PROBLEM OF FOREIGNERS MASTERING THE RUSSIAN EDUCATION MARKET
The article is devoted to some aspects of the process of students’ admission, citizens of the People's Republic of China, to Universities of the Russian Federation, the reasons for choosing professions within the Russian education market and, as a consequence, such problems as the lack of integration of foreigners into the Russian educational environment and the severe shortage of professionals in certain branches of international activity. The main purpose of the study is to establish and describe the causal relationship between the primary choice of Russian specializations by foreign citizens and the dynamics of the development of international relations in some areas of cooperation between countries, as well as to identify new methods that Russian education sector can offer for foreigners to master the least liquid areas. Thus, the tasks of the work include: determining the spectrum of the most and least popular professions by applicants-citizens of the People's Republic of China, identifying the reasons for these indicators and prerequisites for the current state of Russian-Chinese relations in the field of education, identifying potential opportunities to increase the export potential of Russian universities. Special attention is paid to the methods of academic and extracurricular work with foreign students and trainees, as two constantly interrelated sides of the educational process, and the results of working these methods in practice of dealing with foreigners. Based on the study of statistical data, as well as the generalization of the practical experience of theCenter for International Students, of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the Government of the Russian Federation, the conclusion is substantiated about the need for correct adaptation of the learning process in basic and additional educational programs for students and trainees, citizens of the People's Republic of China.
Key words: Internationalization, Russian-Chinese relations, educational services, foreign students, export potential.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.014
A.V. AGAFONOV First Deputy Director General of Autonomous Nonprofit Organization «Russia – The Country of Opportunities», Moscow, Russia
THE PROBLEM OF YOUTH POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF GENDER THEORY
The article examines the problem of youth women's political leadership in the context of modern gender analysis. The study of the presence of women in power is conducted against the background of urgent problems of gender equality and changing social norms. The conclusion is made about the impossibility of an objective solution to the gender problem due to the existence of two fundamentally opposite positions. One is based on the traditional perception of the gender role of women, while the other focuses on the struggle for equal rights with men, striving to be "the same as men."
Key words: women in power, political power, youth political leadership, gender, female politician.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.011
S.V. VOROBYEV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of International Relations of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
A.A. NARYSHKIN Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
ON THE POLICY OF DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION USING THE EXAMPLE OF PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL TRADE
This article is devoted to the digitalization policy of public administration. The article provides a brief overview of the approaches evolution to promoting international trade in our country. This work also contains theoretical and practical aspects of foreign representative offices of the Russian Federation work digitalization. Mainly it touches upon export support.
The article presents existing practical developments in this field, as well as promising approaches aimed at achieving our country’s own foreign policy and foreign economic goals at the present stage.
Key words: digitalization, digital public administration, models and procedures, international trade, export promotion.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.019
S.A. SAYGUSHINSKAYA Postgraduate student at the Department of Public Policy of the Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
FORMATION OF THE PUBLIC POLICY IN THE FIELD OF FOREIGN AGENTS: MAIN FEATURES (ON EXAMPLES OF RUSSIAN AND USA)
Public policy in the field of foreign agents includes the development of measures on regulation of their activities and the protection of national interests from potential threats that may arise as a result of foreign agents’ actions. The effectiveness of this policy lies in the creation of legal mechanisms that are adequate to existing foreign policy challenges and applied within the framework of national security and protecting state sovereignty. This article analyzes the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and USA. The regulatory mechanisms are described, but also the reasons behind the adoption of these mechanisms. In addition, the article describes the relevant government authorities authorized to exercise control over persons recognized as foreign agents in the designated countries. The results presented in the article allow us to draw conclusions about current political processes and the development of public policy in the field of foreign agents not only in the Russian Federation, but also in the USA political and legal space.
Key words: foreign agents, foreign influence, public policy, national security, non-profit organizations, international law, political activities.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.020
V.A. SOLOVIEV Head of the Laboratory of Human-Centricity and Leadership Practices, Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
O.A. SAMOLYANOV Chief Expert of the Laboratory of Human-Centricity and Leadership Practices, Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
G.G. STRYUK Deputy Head of the Laboratory of Human-Centricity and Leadership Practices, Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
CUSTOMER CENTRICITY IN THE CONTEXT OF LEADERSHIP PROBLEMS – UPDATING THE ISSUE
The study of the phenomenon of customer-centricity aims to determine the exact interpretation of this concept in organizational management and leadership practices. The term “Customer Centricity” has predominantly consumer business connotations, but in the article it is considered as a fundamental management principle that is associated with a certain set of leadership practices. The article presents various manifestations of the client-centricity of the leader and the organization – this is a focus on the client ("external" or "internal"), his needs, requests, interests – as a key factor in effective development. A conceptual model of the evolution of organizational structures is identified that provides an important theoretical framework for understanding changing demands on leaders and management strategies. The factors influencing the interdependence of the organization's external and internal clients, described in the second-order client-centricity model, are identified. The key features of a client-centric organization and the role of the leader in it are formulated.
Key words: customer-centricity, leadership, human-centricity, leadership practices, customer-centric trends, customer-centric approach.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.021
I.S. BURIKOVA Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Technologies, Faculty of Social Technologies North-West Institute of Management, RANEPA, St. Petersburg, Russia
HYBRID WARS AS A NEW TYPE OF INTERSTATE AGGRESSION
Introduction: a fundamental feature of the current geopolitical situation is the conduct of a large-scale hybrid war by all available means. A distinctive feature of a hybrid war is the absence of direct armed invasion of the opponent. The main instruments of hybrid aggression are concentrated in the information, political, socio-psychological, economic and terrorist spaces. Taking into account the available opportunities, the aggressor exerts pressure, ranging from the replication of unfriendly information content to the financing of terrorist organizations and separatist movements. The strategic goal of a hybrid war is to completely subordinate the geopolitical will of the opponent and build its behavior based on the interests of the aggressor. Ensuring national sovereignty requires the creation of an effective system of protection against hybrid threats at all levels of the socio-economic and military-political space. The purpose of the work is to consider the basic essential elements of a hybrid war as an integral part of existing geopolitical relations. Research results: the author clarified the essential aspects of a hybrid war, including consideration of its key instruments, distinctive features and structuring of goals by time horizons of achievement.
Key words: hybrid war, geopolitical space, interstate aggression, sanctions, information war.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.022
S.S. EGOROV PHD student, Faculty of political science MSU, Moscow, Russia
SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION IN UKRAINE: THE UNDECLARED WAR OF WESTERN COUNTRIES AGAINST RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the consideration of the geopolitical phenomenon of a special military operation (hereinafter – SVO) on the territory of Ukraine, examines the causes, factors and consequences that prompted Russia to resort to mechanisms of hard power to defend its national interests on the world stage in the context of a hybrid war with Western countries. The purpose and objectives of this scientific work: to consider the historical and political context emerging in the field of security on the territory of Ukraine before the start of its. To consider the steps and policies of Ukraine and Western countries (from 2014 to 2022) that led to a sharp escalation in bilateral relations with the Russian Federation. To analyze the causes and consequences of ITS presence on the territory of Ukraine for the world order and the European security system. Research methodology: the scientific work is based on a historical-comparative approach, the well-established developments of the civilizational approach are applied, which made it possible to identify Ukraine as the territory of intersection of the geopolitical interests of the countries of the West and Russia, thanks to the geopolitical analysis, It was possible to comprehensively study the reasons that prompted Russia to launch its own on the territory of Ukraine, and comprehensively study the consequences of its own for both Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Within the framework of the scientific article, tools for analyzing strategic planning documents of Ukraine, Russia and Western countries are used, to confirm the assumptions put forward, a content analysis of the domestic and foreign policy situation of the situation in Ukraine is used. Results and conclusions: a hypothesis has been put forward that Ukraine and Western countries since 2014. We were systematically preparing for a full-scale conflict with the Russian Federation. Russia's military operation on the territory of Ukraine was a forced and preventive measure aimed at protecting compatriots, the Russian language and Russia's geopolitical interests.
Key words: the political crisis in Ukraine, NATO, the European Union, Russia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.023
T.V. KANT Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF "SOFT POWER" AND ITS PLACE IN RUSSIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
The article examines the concept of "soft power" in the context of its formation, development and use in international politics. The significance of this concept for modern foreign policy strategy, as well as its role in ensuring the international influence of the state, is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the place of the concept of "soft power" in domestic political science.
It is noted that understanding the features of the problematic field of the concept of "soft power" can contribute to the development of new provisions of the international strategy of our country, especially within the framework of promising and actively developing areas of foreign policy. The importance of studying the practices of using "soft power" as an instrument of international politics and influence is emphasized.
If we turn to the definition of the term, then, according to the “Diplomatic Dictionary of the Russian Foreign Ministry”, in our country “soft power” is defined as a form of political influence, the principles, methods, approaches and tools of which allow achieving strategic results “based on voluntary participation, sympathy and attractiveness, rather than coercion”.
The author notes in 2025 a relevant branch of public diplomacy, the direction of digital diplomacy, as a developing and effective tool of “soft power” on the global Internet.
Key words: "soft power", international politics, foreign policy strategy, political influence, domestic political science, public diplomacy, digital diplomacy, international relations, geopolitics, diplomatic dictionary of the Russian Foreign Ministry.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.024
K.E. KOZHUKHOVA PhD in Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science, Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia
THE ESSENCE AND TYPOLOGY OF NATIONAL STRATEGIC CULTURES AS THE BASIS OF THE VECTOR OF THE STATE'S FOREIGN POLICY COURSE
Serious transformations and dynamic development are taking place in modern international relations. This is due to the fact that the modern system of global politics naturally responds to the changing requirements of the evolution of the international political conjuncture: destabilization and expansion of the concept of sovereignty, an increase in the role of non-state actors in international relations, the emergence of an active political and psychological component in determining the strategies of state players in international relations, etc. Each of these aspects is a serious research problem, suggesting a possible axiological solution due to the intensification of the influence of the national value component in world politics. In response to a request to study the last mentioned analytical and synthetic task, modern theorists of international relations propose the use of the concept of "strategic culture", expressing a set of national traditions, customs, peculiarities of mentality, historical and political practice in solving issues of the use of military force in the event of threats to national security. This study is devoted to the modern process of forming the scientific concept of "strategic culture", as well as the typologization of national strategic cultures of the modern world.
Key words: strategic culture, international relations, foreign policy, national identity, psychology of international relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.025
A.E. MUTALIMOV Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines, North-Caucasus Institute (branch) of All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala, Russia
A.A. MAGOMEDOVA Senior Lecturer of the Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines, North-Caucasus Institute (branch) of All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala, Russia
THESES OF A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTACTS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WEST
The purpose of the work is to study the formation of relations between the Russian Federation and the West as an indicator of the growth of political freedom and sovereignty of Russia based on a universal method, the main of which are methods of observation, comparison and historical. Presenting the material in the thesis plan, the author seeks to show the choice of the path of Russia's development in socio-economic, political and technological development from import substitution to technological leadership, striving to observe the principle of equality of the country among equals.
Russia has traveled a long historical path from the First and Second World Wars to the abandonment of the Warsaw Pact and the collapse of the Soviet Union, even changing its mode of production, moving from the socialist to the capitalist method, in search of itself. Russia strives to develop in a multipolar world in friendship and cooperation with all, preserving its sovereignty in all spheres of life: politics, social sphere, economy, spiritual sphere, observing its traditional values. At the dawn of Soviet power, during the civil war, Russia was surrounded by twelve interventionist countries of the West and East, fighting against it. Currently, Russia is opposing more than fifty Western countries that supply Ukraine with the latest types of weapons and money that want our country to lose strategically.
Conclusions: the results of the analysis can be used in all forms of classes for students of colleges and higher educational institutions and all forms of education, among young people and interested persons. This should be food for thought in choosing the right path of development.
Key words: import substitution, technological leadership, public spheres, interventionist countries, Entente, quadruple Alliance, spiritual values, sovereignty, traditional values, civil war, First and Second World Wars, Karlshorst, Cecilienhof.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.026
YU.A. ROGOV Postgraduate student, Faculty of global studies, Lomonosov MSU, Moscow, Russia
U.S. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY TRANSFORMATION IN THE EPOCH OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and algorithms determines the relevance of studying its applicability in various policy areas, especially in those that can significantly benefit from the introduction of big data analysis technologies – a striking example here is public diplomacy. The paper analyzes the prospects and limitations of the applicability of AI algorithms in the field of public diplomacy. It was revealed that two key limitations are the widespread hidden bias of AI algorithms, often implicitly promoting Western narratives, as well as the smoothing of uncertainty. Meanwhile, an adequate understanding of the entire spectrum of opinions and narratives existing in the society of the target country, as well as openness to alternative interpretations of facts and reality, are the cornerstone of public diplomacy.
Key words: public diplomacy, artificial intelligence, US hegemony, decision support, bias, uncertainty.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.027
P.M. SUGONYAEV Postgraduate student of the Department the Political science of the Moscow state linguistic university, Moscow, Russia
THE FOREIGN POLICY PROVISION OF ENERGY SECURITY OF THE MODERN FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
This article deals with the current state of Germany's energy security and its foreign policy aspect. The aim of the study was to find the main actors in German foreign policy that contribute to the Federal Republic's own energy security. The objectives were to define Germany's energy security and its characteristics, to study the institutions involved in ensuring energy security by means of foreign policy, and to analyse the activities of the identified institutions. The research methods were document analysis, comparison, generalisation, classification, synthesis. The study characterised the importance of security of supply, affordability and predictability for the Federal Republic of Germany as an importer of energy resources, while foreign policy institutions are able to contribute to long-term energy security planning. As a result of the analysis of the main doctrinal documents, the main German foreign policy actors include the Federal Chancellor's Office, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Protection. But in addition to state bodies, Germany has a network of private and semi-governmental analytical centres that provide information and analytical support for Germany's foreign energy policy and are able to influence the foreign policy course with their expertise in reports, as well as party foundations that are able to influence the policies of other states with their specific tools. The conclusions of the study include the formulation of the importance of the foreign policy aspect of energy security in connection with the features of the German economy and resource base, as well as the criticism of German foreign policy in the energy sphere as reactive and changing from one type of dependence to another without proper diversification.
Key words: doctrinal documents, energy security, foreign policy, Germany, political institutes.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.028
GU QIANWEI Postgraduate student, Faculty of World Politics Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
TRANSPORT PROJECTS OF CHINA AND CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
This article is devoted to the characteristics of the main transport projects of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The purpose of the article is to analyze the specifics of interaction between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe within the framework of the Belt and Road initiative. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were set, namely: to give a brief description of the Belt and Road initiative; to analyze the main reasons for the criticism of China by the European Union from the point of view of the formation of transport projects in Central and Eastern Europe; to analyze individual transport projects currently being implemented by China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe; to draw conclusions about the prospects of transport projects of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe at the current stage of their development. The main research methods were the following: analysis of modern publications on the research topic, comparative analysis, retrospective analysis, as well as the method of generalizations. The result of the study was the conclusion about the success of the development of transport projects in China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. It was concluded that in the plans for the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative, the region of Central and Eastern Europe is designated as the final stage of the initiative. The author also concluded that for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe that interact with China, both the promotion of the Belt and Road initiative and the pandemic have become incentives for further deployment of infrastructure projects, both in the format of bilateral agreements and within the framework of trilateral cooperation with China and the structures of the European Union at the same time.
Key words: transport project, Central and Eastern European countries, China, initiative, logistics route, prospects, pandemic.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.029
A.V. KASIANENKO Teacher-researcher, junior researcher of the ANO "Center for Oriental Studies, International Relations and Public Diplomacy", Moscow, Russia
RUSSIAN-TURKISH FUEL AND ENERGY COOPERATION AS A FACTOR IN THE INTENSIFICATION OF MILITARY-POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES
In the context of increasing competition in the global energy markets, as well as the strengthening of economic and military-political ties between Russia and Turkey, the study of the energy factor in the diplomatic relations of modern states is becoming an urgent scientific task that allows us to reliably assess the balance of power in the modern world economy. The political significance of Russian-Turkish fuel and energy cooperation allows us to state the priority role of economic ties between the two states for bilateral military-political relations.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the mechanism of influence of fuel and energy cooperation on military-political relations between Russia and Turkey. The subject of the study is specific projects, such as the construction of the Turkish Stream gas pipeline and the development of nuclear energy, which serve as the basis for deepening bilateral cooperation. The research methods include political analysis, comparison and content analysis, which allows for a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the mutual influence of the energy sector and military-political aspects of cooperation. As a result of the analysis of current trends in the development of fuel and energy cooperation between Russia and Turkey, the author comes to the conclusion that in the new geopolitical conditions of Russia, it actively seeks to diversify its foreign policy ties, which gets its implementation within the framework of the strategy of "turning to the east". The increasing tension in relations between Russia and the collective West, which is burdened by the sanctions war unleashed against Russia, encourages Russian economic agents to establish and develop economic ties with the countries of the Global South. Turkey, occupying an advantageous geographical position, acts as a buffer for the supply of Russian energy resources to European countries.
Key words: energy, foreign policy, energy diplomacy, Russian-Turkish relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.030
A.S. KLIMOVA PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, faculty of World Politics. Moscow, Russia
COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY «CONTEST» IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UK COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 21ST CENTURY PART III
The article considers the evolution of the UK main government document in the field of countering the terrorist threat – the counter-terrorism strategy «Contest» from 2003 to the present. The relevance of the research is determined by the significance of this strategy in ensuring the national security of Great Britain as one of the world's leading powers in the fight against terrorism. The purpose of the article is to critically assess the results of the directions included in the Contest strategy: the «4Ps», the «Prevent» counter-extremism program, the «Channel» interdepartmental search and support program for persons at risk of radicalization. In addition, the achievements and shortcomings of the strategy in the fight against the growing number of cyberattacks in recent years are highlighted.
Since the publication of the first version in 2003, the UK counter-terrorism strategy «Contest», which contains long-term systemic counter extremism measures, has undergone significant changes. Despite the achievements, «Contest» has shown a number of contradictory, insufficient results and needs to be updated, which is confirmed by British authorities. The «Prevent» program is invariably criticized publicly for securitizing society, stigmatizing British Muslims, restricting freedom of speech. The problem is compounded by a number of existing and new terrorist threats, fragmentation of the extremist groups, a significant acceleration in the preparation of terrorist attacks, lack of a systematic assessment of terrorist attack risks. In addition, the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic and Brexit raise concerns. Accordingly, the analysis of the «Contest» strategy allows drawing conclusions regarding its effectiveness and outlining the short – and medium-term prospects for its development.
Key words: UK, national security, terrorism, counter-terrorism strategy «Contest», «4Ps», «Prevent» program, «Channel» program, extremism, cyberterrorism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.031
D.O. ODYNETS Graduate student of the Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in the Humanities of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA IN SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION AND EVALUATING THE ACTIVITIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THEIR LEADERS IN THE UNITED STATES
The role and influence of the media in shaping public opinion and evaluating the activities of political parties are essential in the modern political process. The media serve as the main source of information for most people and have a significant impact on their perception and understanding of political events and the activity of political parties. Today, the mass media influence the opinions and assessments of the public regarding political parties and their leaders in the United States. Many Americans receive information about politics and government only from the media, so the media have the opportunity to form opinions about political leaders and their activities among a wide audience. In addition, many of the largest media outlets in the United States have significant resources and influence which stories and topics become the main news and which are ignored.
Key words: mass media, public, political parties, USA, news, government.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.032
M.V. SHUDRIK Postgraduate student, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
THE INFORMATION WARS IN 1990-2000S: THE CONSEQUENCES AND EXPERIENCE
The article analyzes two major conflicts of the late 20th century – the Persian Gulf conflict and the Yugoslav Wars. The conflicts are examined in the context of information warfare, and the research focus of the paper is on assessing the means and methods used by the US and its allies during the conflicts. The paper chronologically reviews the conflicts, emphasizing the operations and actions that were used as means of psychological and informational influence. In the process of comparing these conflicts, the key vectors of the development of the vision of information warfare in the late 20th century are identified, and the evolution of the concept of information warfare is assessed. The main objective of the study is to identify the specific patterns of information operations used on the basis of these conflicts in order to determine their capabilities, causes and consequences of their implementation in the course of military operations. The author concludes that by the beginning of the 21st century the United States has moved to a new stage in the development of its military doctrine, having identified information warfare as one of the keys to achieving the goal of containing the development of a multipolar world. Based on this conclusion, the author emphasizes the need to update the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, which would take into account the challenges posed by the conventional enemy and modern realities, taking into account the rich experience of the United States in conducting operations of this kind.
Key words: Persian Gulf, Yugoslavia, NATO, mass-media, information.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.033
S.A. BOKERIA Candidate of Law, Associate Professor Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia
SELENA ANDREINA MADRIS RITO PhD student, Department of History of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND HUMANITARIAN CRISES IN HAITI
Objectives: The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors that led to political instability and humanitarian crises in Haiti, as well as to assess the political, social and economic circumstances that contribute to the emergence of conflicts in the country.
The objectives of the study include an analysis of the political factors that caused the humanitarian crisis in Haiti, as well as a study of modern approaches to assessing this crisis.
Research hypothesis: an analysis of the historical context, including political factors such as the overthrow of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 2004 and its consequences for the country's political system, as well as economic and social aspects.
Methodology: document analysis and quantitative methods were used in the study.
Results: showed that political instability in Haiti exacerbates humanitarian crises, worsening security and limiting access to resources and services.
Conclusions: The findings show that political instability in Haiti exacerbates humanitarian crises. To address them, it is necessary to implement strategies for democratic development and humanitarian assistance, ensuring long-term stability and prosperity.
Key words: Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations, Presidential Overthrow, Civil Security.
REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.112.12.034
D.E. SLIZOVSKY Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History of Russia RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Russian political scientist and political figure, Moscow, Russia
INFORMATION, HYBRID AND PROXY WARS: OVERVIEW OF THE LATEST RESEARCH
In the proposed review, the authors set out to consider the question of how the issue of information confrontation in hybrid wars is covered in scientific publications? It is known that questions of this order have been raised for a long time. But due to the changed circumstances and conditions of an objective and subjective nature that threaten the world with nuclear war, Russia's involvement in a special military operation on the territory of Ukraine, not only the number of publications on this topic is growing, but also, most interestingly in theoretical and applied terms, there has been an evolution in approaches to the analysis of military conflicts and wars, as well as in the forms and content of such an element of them, which correlates with the term "information war". The results of the analysis and review of scientific articles submitted for publication in the publishing house «Nauka Segodnya» showed that, firstly, direct participants in the hostilities joined the research work on a given topic. Secondly, the joint research work of participants in military clashes with experts and analysts allows us to give the analysis of hybrid wars, information strategy and measures in this segment of the war the high place that is assigned to it in new circumstances and conditions. And to reduce, or even avoid, those mistakes that usually suffer from purely theoretical research; Thirdly, the authors of the review fully agree with one, the most important conclusion of the researchers, that the differences between the total hybrid war of the collective West against Russia and hybrid wars against other countries is the most complete and extensive use by the West as an instrument of indirect war with Russia of the whole state, and not its individual institutions.
Key words: information wars, proxy war, indirect war.