№ 2 (102), 2024
Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 14, Issue 2 (102), 2024
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
Furman T.G. Controversial Situations of Postmodernity in Politics and Law
Rebrikov D.D. De-Democratisation of the Political System: Content and Factors of Occurrence
Gayeva A.V. Using the Methodology of Discourse Analysis in the Study of Elitist Theories
Pcelovodov N.A. Studies of the Genesis of Political Theology as a Specific Concept
POLITICAL HISTORY
Logvinov D.V. The Life and Work of L. Mechelin (1839-1914) in the Light of the History of Finnish Russophobia
Khvastov A.N. Formation of a New Political Consciousness in the Course of Cultural and Mass Work with German Prisoners of War in the Period from 1941 to 1953
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
Abdurakhmonov S. Democracy: Transformation or Harmony?
Klimenko A.V. Image of the Future: Concept, Structure, Functions
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Avazov K.H. The Place and Role of State Authority in Ensuring threat Resistance of the State and Society
Titov V.V. The Formation of National-State Identity in Modern Russia: the Role of the Regional Factor
Karatueva E.N. The "Green" Parties: Development Paths and Political Prospects
Pescherov Yu.G. Features of Political Institutions Depending on the Region
Gorbunov N.S. The Issue of Strategic Communication Definition in Political Sphere
Dzgoeva D.T., Kukartsev S.M. Distant Electronic Voting as a New Mechanism of Interaction Between the State and Society: Opportunities and Challenges
Lukina Yu.V. Stages of Applying the Overton Window in Cognitive Warfare to Change Consciousness Using Cannabis Legalization and Gender Policy as Examples
Likhomanov K.V., Tkesheliadze A.B. Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Crisis Prevention of Electoral Systems
Chelnokova M.L. Countering Non-Systemic Opposition on Social Networks
Chertoroev D.A. Interaction of Executive Authorities with Society Via the Internet: Comparison of Democratic and Non-Democratic Political Regimes
Zhang Yifei. Influence of Confucian Ethics on the Formation of a Model of Political Governance in Modern China
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES
Leon U.A., Merkulova L.P. Local Agricultural Policy in N'djamena in Chad: Socio-Economic Challenges and Perspectives
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
Alaudinov A.A., Manoilo A.V. Cognitive and Mental Components of Modern Hybrid Warfare
Nikolaev N.P. Political Influence of International Environmental Institutions on Legislative Activities in Russia: Axiological Aspect
Saushkina M.S. Falsifiation of History as an Instrument of Symbolic Politics: the Evolution of Politication of History in Post-Communist States of Eastern Europe
Avakyan D.A. Utopias and Reality: English and French Experience
Bayramly N.S., Guseinova D.M. Public Diplomacy and its Role in Russian-Azerbaijan Relations
Argvliani K.R. The Society 5.0 Formation Policy in Cities of Developed and Developing Countries
Boldyreva E.L., Stam Finn Benjamin, Nelga A.A. The Netherlands and its Polder Model
Wang Feixiang. Public Diplomacy of China in the Modern World: Problems and Development Prospects
Golikov B.I. Implementation of Russian-Chinese Projects within the Framework of “One Belt – One Road”
Danilova E.A. The Logic of Governance Decision-Making by Representatives of the Chinese Political and Business Elite Through the Prism of the Philosophy of the Chinese Strategic Game of Go (Part I)
Knyshova A.Yu. The Role of Asan Kaigy in the Formation of the National Discourse of the Kazakh Khanate
Koduah Emmanuel. Problems and Trends of Voting in the General Elections in Ghana
Krupianko M.I., Areshidze L.G. Japanese Nationalism as the Main Unificating and Protective Force of the Nation in the New World Order of the XXI Century (Part II)
Miloevich L. NATO Expansion, Russia's Response and European Security Architecture
Tamundele Jean-Baptiste Ngey. African Union
Xing Haotian. China's Digital Diplomacy: Features and Prospects of Development
Spasov A.A. Technologies of Destabilization of the State of the Opposition Bloc «Serbia Against Violence»
Xue Jiaxin. Cooperation and Prospects of China and the Middle East Countries within the Framework of “One Belt and One Road”
SCIENTIFIC REFLECTIONS ON A CURRENT TOPIC
Medvedev N.P. On the Issue of Modern Political Parties
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.001
T.G. FURMAN Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative Law of the North-Western Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
CONTROVERSIAL SITUATIONS OF POSTMODERNITY IN POLITICS AND LAW
The undertaken research made it possible to formulate a method for the genealogy of postmodern discourse, demonstrate its application on specific philosophical and cultural material, and also use it to streamline current academic legal and political discussions.
The approach, rationalism, was based on the intention to return religious discourse to the public and scientific space in the new status of a subject of sociology and law, which protected it from direct persecution by positivism, but deprived it of political subjectivity.
It has been proven that in the 20th century, under the influence of postmodernism and certain trends in political theology (general skepticism regarding the modern foundations of Western thought), many areas of criticism of “legal theories” emerged.
The hypothesis was confirmed that postmodern discourse has two states – theological and political, which determine its different type of action in the “center” (in Western Christian culture) and on the “periphery” (in Orthodox, as well as any non-Christian culture).
In the “center,” discourse operates at a deep level of the core of culture, in theology and religious worldview, and then its action extends to the external, socio-political sphere. Discourse immediately comes to the “periphery” as an external, political force that can lead to large-scale and painful social consequences.
Key words: postmodern, discourse, dispute, politics, law, religion, study, situation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.002
D.D. REBRIKOV Graduate student, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
DE-DEMOCRATISATION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM: CONTENT AND FACTORS OF OCCURRENCE
In modern realities, the process of de-democratization is an integral element of the development of any democratic political system. Almost all countries of the world have gone through the stage of one-man despotic rule and some of them have managed to overcome its legacy by carrying out a democratic transit. However, despite the transformation of the authoritarian institutional system, some vestiges of the past in democracies persist and sometimes even function. In a crisis of democracy, there is a high probability of the revival of authoritarian practices. Therefore, very often the growing social, economic, national and other problems, in the context of the dysfunctionality of the existing management system, lead to the launch of the process of de-democratization. The question of the causes, the starting point, and the types of de-democratization is still debatable. The presented article attempts to determine the content of this process, as well as to identify its main prerequisites and drivers. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of existing theoretical approaches to the process of the collapse of democracy. This article examines in detail the main approaches to the study of the process of de-democratization, the basic theoretical models of this political phenomenon, as well as the evolution of the theory of authoritarian regimes. The presented research is based on an extensive theoretical base, as well as statistical data from the world's leading research centers engaged in measuring political regimes. As a result of the research, the author's interpretation of the concept of de-democratization was proposed and the main causes of this phenomenon were identified.
Key words: de-democratization, the collapse of democracy, democratic rollback, democracy, autocracy, political regime.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.003
A.V. GAYEVA Senior lecturer at the Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Sciences of the RGPPU Branch in Nizhny Tagil, Nizhny Tagil, Russia
USING THE METHODOLOGY OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN THE STUDY OF ELITIST THEORIES
The article discusses the main provisions of the elitist theories. These theoretical positions are defined through the prism of discourse analysis. This technique allows us to determine the performance indicators of the political elite in modern political activity. This topic is considered in the practical educational activities of students of higher education.
Key words: political elite, the effectiveness of the political elite, discourse analysis, approaches to the study of the effectiveness of the political elite.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.004
N.A. PCELOVODOV Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
STUDIES OF THE GENESIS OF POLITICAL THEOLOGY AS A SPECIFIC CONCEPT
Modern political science, when updating the definition of “political theology,” integrates it with the process that characterizes the secularization of the social world. Changes associated with the sacralization and theologization of politics form a secular type of religiosity, replacing traditional religion in society and create transcendence, which materializes in the current forms of power. Theoretical and methodological studies interpret political theology as a reflection of the concept of power in society, the conditional structures of which, being responsible for the agreed social order, are deformed and experience a period of legitimacy.
This study attempts to trace the genesis of political theology as a specific concept covering the period of the beginning of Greco-Roman antiquity, through the interpretation of the main aspects that reveal its meaning, as well as the development of political theology as a separate discipline of modern times.
The result of a semantic analysis of this issue states the fact that the main socio-political postulates of a secular society are interconnected with theological and political issues and have many different currents and approaches, including liberal political theology, critical political theology, feminist political theology, etc.
It has been determined that the genesis of political theology as a specific concept is associated with the evolution of political and religious ideas, as well as the research of philosophers and political theorists who paid attention to the interaction between these spheres.
Key words: political theology, politics, theology, secularization, Christianity, eschatology, the state.
POLITICAL HISTORY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.005
D.V. LOGVINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social and Political Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE LIFE AND WORK OF L. MECHELIN (1839-1914) IN THE LIGHT OF THE HISTORY OF FINNISH RUSSOPHOBIA
Modern world politics is going through a difficult stage. International relations are full of contradictions, modern countries are in a state of confrontation. One of the brightest fault lines today is the opposition between the collective West and Russia, accompanied by a surge of Russophobia. That is why it is so important for Russian researchers to study the problematics of Russophobia with its origins and content. This article, pursuing this goal, is an attempt to study the life and activities of the fighter for the independence of the Grand Duchy of Finland – Leopold (Leo) Heinrich Stanislav Mechelin (1839-1914). With the help of methods of historical-bibliographical and political-textual analysis his role in the Finnish question of the end of XIX – beginning of XX century, as well as his position in the relations between Finland and Russia, are considered. The study identifies features of Russophobic rhetoric, such as the desire to relate to Western culture while refusing to recognize Russian influence, as well as the manipulation of facts and the creation of a new truth and a new reality.
Key words: Leo Mechelin, independence, law, Finnish question, Finnish Russophobia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.006
A.N. KHVASTOV Adjunct of the Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE COURSE OF CULTURAL AND MASS WORK WITH GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN THE PERIOD FROM 1941 TO 1953
The article presents the results of the analysis of literature and archival documents on the problem of the organisation and conduct of cultural and mass work with German prisoners of war during the Great Patriotic War, as well as in the post-war period. The article provides historical information about the goals, forms, methods and methodological techniques of cultural and mass work with German prisoners of war staying in camps on the territory of the USSR.
Key words: political work, cultural work, Great Patriotic War, German prisoners of war.
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.007
S. ABDURAKHMONOV Researcher, Institute for Study of Youth Issues and Training Prospective Personnel, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
DEMOCRACY: TRANSFORMATION OR HARMONY?
The author analyzes democracy as a development model theoretically with particular emphasis on ongoing political transformation in advanced democracies. Hailing from global experiences in democratization, the author claims that democratization is neither global nor national, but it is a process embodying somewhat amalgamation of both of them. Societies undergoing democratization, are adopting democratic institutions by transforming them as a state-crafting model, on the one hand, at the same time, rejecting some values that are brought by democracy in the cultural/value aspect, on the other hand. Structural transformations in advanced democracies show that democracy is not a complete model of development and still needs corrections in worldwide application.
Key words: democratization, development, transformation, democracy, universal values, national values.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.008
A.V. KLIMENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
IMAGE OF THE FUTURE: CONCEPT, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS
The purpose of this study is to review the main scientific approaches to the concept of “image of the future” in psychological, pedagogical, political science and other contexts. The article examines the typology of images of the future, its structure and functions. A classification of the main elements of images of the future, as well as criteria for their gradation, is proposed. Much attention is paid to the mechanisms of forming images of the future.
Key words: future, image of the future, futurology, research of the future, construction of the image of the future.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.009
K.H. AVAZOV Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Political Science, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
THE PLACE AND ROLE OF STATE AUTHORITY IN ENSURING THREAT RESISTANCE OF THE STATE AND SOCIETY
The article is devoted to the analysis of the degree of development of the place and role of public authorities in modern conditions and its becoming one of the key factors in ensuring the national security of the state and society. It was found that political stability as a complex, internally structured phenomenon is studied mainly in terms of the scale and spheres of society; by objects and subjects of support; on the pace and resources of support; on the nature of socio-political management of this state and the means of achieving it, etc.
Key words: political stability, stabilization, stability, socio-political stability, system, political system, societies, states.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.010
V.V. TITOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration of the State University of Management, Moscow, Russia
THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL-STATE IDENTITY IN MODERN RUSSIA: THE ROLE OF THE REGIONAL FACTOR
The article is dedicated to the models of interaction between the federal center and the regions in the process of formation of the Russian national-state identity in the 1990th – beginning of 2020th. There are analyzed main models of center-regional identification interaction: competitive (conflict), memorial-autonomic and complementary. The first – competitive model – was formed in the period of the «weak federation» in the 1990th. The second, the memorial-autonomic model, gradually took shape in 2000-2010th. It was conditioned by the strengthening of the «vertical of power» and the attempts of the state to develop a conventional strategy of identity politics. The systemic political challenges that Russia faced in the beginning of 2020th require a gradual transition to a new, complementary model in which regional identification constructs are organically integrated into a multidimensional field of All-Russian identity.
Key words: national-state identity, federal center, Russian regions, regional identity, models of identification interaction.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.011
E.N. KARATUEVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State and Municipal Administration of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, St. Petersburg, Russia
THE "GREEN" PARTIES: DEVELOPMENT PATHS AND POLITICAL PROSPECTS
Modern "green" parties focus not only on environmental issues, but also advocate for improving the social security system and improving the quality of life. In line with the main directions of their activities, they focus on issues of reducing emissions of harmful substances, using various types of alternative energy and environmentally friendly production to ensure sustainable development.
The article is devoted to the study of the position of "green" parties in the global political system, the causes of their emergence, key issues of activity and prospects for development and influence on public space.
Key words: "greens", environmental organizations, environmentalism, elections.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.012
YU.G. PESCHEROV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Law, State University of Education, Moscow, Russia
FEATURES OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS DEPENDING ON THE REGION
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the features of political institutions in various regions of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period. The authors examine the dynamics of power distribution between the central and regional authorities after the events of August 1991, which led to the formation of the modern Russian Federation with a federal structure. The main attention is paid to the evolution of political systems at the level of federation subjects, including the strengthening of regional elites and municipal structures, as well as changes in the economic functions of regions and their financial dependence on the federal center. The influence of regional political regimes on the development of local self-government and the consolidation of the political elite is analyzed. Trends in the decrease of transparency in management processes and problems arising from the centralization of power and finances are identified.
Key words: Russian Federation, political institutions, regional authority, municipal management, federalism, regional elites, local self-government, centralization of power, federal-regional relations, economic development of regions, political system, management transparency, financial dependence.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.013
N.S. GORBUNOV Postgraduate student at the Faculty of Political Science Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov; master's degree in "International Relations" Faculty of World Politics Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
THE ISSUE OF STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION DEFINITION IN POLITICAL SPHERE
The purpose of the article is to analyze the main approaches to defining the term “strategic communication”, presented by foreign and domestic phenomenon researchers and to identify the general characteristics of the concept. The work also reflected the history of the term origin and its development in the political and military discourse of the United States. During the preparation of this article, various general scientific methods were used; the work is descriptive and theoretical in nature.
Key words: strategic communication, state communication policy, political communications.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.014
D.T. DZGOEVA PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor of the Department of State and Municipal Administration of North-West Institute of Management of RANEPA, St. Petersburg, Russia
S.M. KUKARTSEV Student of North-West Institute of Management of RANEPA, St. Petersburg, Russia
DISTANT ELECTRONIC VOTING AS A NEW MECHANISM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE STATE AND SOCIETY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
This article analyzes the specifics and problems of using remote electronic voting technology in Russia. The legal and regulatory framework has been determined and the experience of application in elections at various levels from 2019 to the present is shown. As a result of the study, the authors propose possible options for overcoming and minimizing the risks of using the technology under study in the electoral process in the Russian Federation.
The relevance of the study is justified by the digital transformation of the main existing mechanisms of interaction between the state and society, one of which is, undoubtedly, the electoral process and the need to consider it through the prism of remote electronic voting technology.
The results of the study consist, firstly, in a detailed description of the regulatory framework for remote electronic voting, secondly, in the established chronology of the use of technology in Russian elections from 2019 to 2023 inclusive and, thirdly, in an analysis of the possibilities and risks of remote electronic voting ahead of the Russian presidential elections in 2024.
Key words: mechanism of interaction between the government and society, distant electronic voting, electoral process, society, government.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.015
YU.V. LUKINA Senior lecturer, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
STAGES OF APPLYING THE OVERTON WINDOW IN COGNITIVE WARFARE TO CHANGE CONSCIOUSNESS USING CANNABIS LEGALIZATION AND GENDER POLICY AS EXAMPLES
Transformation of world values, changes in international relations, non-military methods of struggle are beginning to play a greater role, amidst modern world uncertainty, nevertheless, posing no less threat to the sovereignty of the country than armed struggle. Such new wars are cognitive, cyber-wars of a new generation. They are represented by information-driven and psychological operations, cyber-attacks, economic sanctions, political and diplomatic pressure, and the use of online social platforms mostly used by young and middle-aged people is becoming increasingly popular. The legalization of marijuana in the USA, Canada, Tailand and other countries, shifting the Overton frame, has led to a change in people's consciousness. Due to manipulation, lobbying of political interests, regulators have expanded the zone of application, affecting the future of the world's population. Accelerating technological processes have been contributing to the proliferation of social media outreach to the masses, where digitalization is constantly being applied by ordinary users, thus accelerating the change of consciousness of the society. Politicians often apply the Overton window to alter the psychology of respondents. This process is made possible by pressurizing consciousness. Regulators or cultural figures make speeches, press releases appear in the press, social platforms unite into communities, the fashion industry begins to invent new forms to express individuality or belonging to a particular group, and brainwashing is in full swing. To counteract such policies, the state must raise the intellectual level of its citizens and evolve critical thinking.
Key words: consciousness, manipulation, legalization, cannabis, marijuana, Overton window, cognitive warfare, politics, gender politics, media.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.016
K.V. LIKHOMANOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Moscow, Russia
A.B. TKESHELIADZE Postgraduate student of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Moscow, Russia
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF CRISIS PREVENTION OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
The article attempts to comprehend modern threats that are potentially capable of provoking a crisis in the functioning of electoral systems. Among these, the authors highlight foreign interference in elections, radicalization of public discourse, fragmentation of political consciousness and chaotic electoral behavior of citizens, as well as exacerbation of chronic socio-economic problems in the context of global confrontation and permanent turbulence. As a response to these challenges, it is proposed to take a set of organizational, informational and political-legal measures that can strengthen the domestic institution of elections. Despite the plans being developed by a number of unfriendly countries to delegitimize the results of the presidential elections of the Russian Federation, at the moment there are no fundamental grounds for any electoral crises.
Key words: electoral system, political crisis, legitimization, elections, political stability.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.017
M.L. CHELNOKOVA Educational psychologist at the Lyceum of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
COUNTERING NON-SYSTEMIC OPPOSITION ON SOCIAL NETWORKS
The space of social networks at the present stage has transformed from a virtual platform for the exchange of information on various topics between users into an impressive political force capable of destabilizing the social structure of the state. To a large extent, the activity of non-systemic opposition contributed to the transformation of social networks into an effective tool of political confrontation. This article is devoted to the study of counteraction to non-systemic opposition in social networks. The author, based on an analysis and generalization of the scientific approaches of domestic researchers, defines the concept of “non-systemic opposition”, examines the technologies and forms of political protest it uses, and also determines the main methods of combating the implementation of the latest active political forces.
Key words: non-systemic opposition, social networks, virtual space, digital technologies, political struggle, protest activity, political elite, government, power, elections.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.018
D.A. CHERTOROEV Postgraduate courses of the Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia
INTERACTION OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES WITH SOCIETY VIA THE INTERNET: COMPARISON OF DEMOCRATIC AND NON-DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL REGIMES
The problem of interaction between the state and society through the Internet stems from the process of active dissemination of Internet technologies among the public of technologically developed countries. The relevance of this issue, at the moment, is inherent in all States in which the Internet is widespread and used. The use by the state of tools for interaction with society based on the Internet makes it possible to increase the efficiency of state bodies, accelerate the processes of interaction with citizens, information processing processes and, equally importantly, improve the image of the government broadcast by the state. State bodies, when interacting with the public, should exercise caution and consistency in public actions in the virtual space of the Internet due to the peculiarities of information dissemination and control over it. The Internet provides a wide range of tools compared to traditional sources of information such as paper products, radio and television. Within the framework of the presented work, a comparative analysis of the information interaction between the state and society in the context of different political regimes in the formation of the public image of the executive authorities of the state is carried out. In conclusion, the analysis makes it logical to conclude that when interacting with the executive authorities of the state and society in terms of comparing political regimes, there is a noticeable tendency indicating that the same, initially politically neutral, tools that the Internet provides for use are used by states in various ways, depending on the prevailing political regime, this allows you to achieve the same goals using different methods of work.
Key words: state, society, interaction, network, Internet, image, image, bodies, executive, power, tools, communication, analysis, comparative, regime, political, democracy, totalitarianism, methods.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.019
ZHANG YIFEI Postgraduate student, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
INFLUENCE OF CONFUCIAN ETHICS ON THE FORMATION OF A MODEL OF POLITICAL GOVERNANCE IN MODERN CHINA
This study investigates the influence of Confucian ethics on the formation of the political governance model in contemporary China within the field of political science. The primary objective is to scrutinize the impact of Confucian values on China's current political landscape.
The research employs a methodology encompassing theoretical literature analysis, research methodology articulation, and results discussion. Through this approach, the study aims to unravel the intricate layers of Confucian influence on China's political administration. Key aspects of Confucian ethics are identified as integral components of modern political governance, influencing decision-making processes, policy formulation, and the structural framework of political institutions.
The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the relationship between ancient ethical frameworks and contemporary political realities. By elucidating the fundamental principles derived from Confucianism that persist in modern Chinese political governance, the study provides valuable insights into the cultural and philosophical underpinnings shaping the nation's political trajectory.
In conclusion, this research underscores the pivotal role and significance of Confucian ethics in shaping and molding the political practices of contemporary China. Acknowledging and comprehending the enduring influence of Confucian values becomes imperative for a holistic understanding of the political landscape in China. This exploration serves as a testament to the dynamic nature of political ideologies in one of the world's most influential nations.
Key words: confucian ethics, political governance, contemporary China, ethical principles, decision-making, policy formulation, cultural influences, political institutions, political ideologies.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.020
U.A. LEON Postgraduate student of political science and regional studies, Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Queen, Samara, Russia
L.P. MERKULOVA Professor, head of the department of foreign languages of Samara University, Samara, Russia
LOCAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN N'DJAMENA IN CHAD: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
Community agriculture is a form of agricultural practice that promotes geographic proximity between producers and consumers, promotes area development, and develops local capacity. Carried out in common areas or gardens, individually or collectively. Such economic activity is problematic because it carries with it a fundamental antagonism: agriculture as a rural function is not suitable for urban space. Since agriculture is practiced in the city, and especially in a capital such as N'Djamena, there is every reason to doubt its ability to remain within an a priori unsuitable urban spatial framework. Using observations, field images and a socio-demographic survey conducted among 116 producers encountered in work sites out of almost 600 identified, local agriculture in the city of N'Djamena is spatially defined before its actors and consequences are analyzed. In addition to identifying the importance and role that this agricultural practice plays in the city through its socio-economic challenges and its multiple functions, we have reached the result that it can be a means for medium-sized African cities to strengthen food security, security in the context climate change. Finally, this study lifts the curtain on activities that deserve special attention when formulating urban development policies.
Key words: local agriculture, urban, food security, N'Djamena, Chad.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.021
A.A. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
A.V. MANOILO Doctor of Political Sciences, Leading Researcher, Department of Europe and Americ, INION RAS; Professor of the Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy of Russia, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia
COGNITIVE AND MENTAL COMPONENTS OF MODERN HYBRID WARFARE
In modern hybrid wars, particular importance is attached to the mental dimension – influencing the enemy’s thinking. Unlike the concept of “cognitive war”, which is actively developed in the West, “mental war” is a purely Russian invention that arose as an alternative to the Western “cognitive” approach. Mental warfare is aimed at destroying the enemy’s worldview and civilizational foundations. The task of mental war, like any other, is to deprive the object of influence of sovereignty and put it under external control. According to the author of the concept, mental war is an aggressive complex impact that is aimed not only at the information field, but also at education and upbringing. In general, this concept is quite close to the concept of “cognitive wars”. At the same time, the concept of “mental war” in Russia is considered as a symmetrical response to Western “cognitive” aggression, affecting the system of knowledge and ideas of the individual, on his perception of the surrounding reality through the prism of cognition and educational activity; Unlike cognitive wars, mental wars directly affect the thinking processes of both their citizens and the enemy by introducing a system of values and meanings into a person’s consciousness. In this regard, information wars are preceded by ideological sabotage aimed at the mental sphere with the aim of weakening or “shaking” it, transferring it into an unstable state, since it is easier to wage an information war with a weak enemy than with an enemy with a stable psyche.
Key words: politics, hybrid war, information war, mental war, cognitive war, security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.022
N.P. NIKOLAEV Professor of the National Research University «Higher School of Economics», Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Property, Land and Property Relations, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS ON LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIA: AXIOLOGICAL ASPECT
The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of international environmental policy, due to ongoing climate`s changes. The main goal is to identify the axiological foundations of international institutions that have an impact on legislative activity both in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries. For the first time, within the framework of a scientific research, was analyzed the mechanism of reflection of ethical aspects, determined by the mythologized perception of the population of various countries, in the state internal political activity. This mechanism is manifested both in overcoming and adapting to the consequences of climate change, and in the development of the political system as a whole.
Key words: environmental institutions, climate change, adaptation to climate change, public policy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.023
M.S. SAUSHKINA PhD student MSU, Moscow, Russia
FALSIFIATION OF HISTORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF SYMBOLIC POLITICS: THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICATION OF HISTORY IN POST-COMMUNIST STATES OF EASTERN EUROPE
The article discusses the concepts of politicization and falsification of history. The influence of this phenomenon on the activities of professional historians is analyzed. The politicization of history in the countries of Eastern Europe is considered. It is concluded that during the formation of statehood in post-communist countries, history was often used as a political tool.
Key words: history, politicization of history, historical myth, countries of Eastern Europe, politics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.024
D.A. AVAKYAN Candidate of political sciences, senior lecturer of the Department of philosophy and sociology Educational institutions of trade unions of higher education «Academy of Labor and Social Relations», Russia, Moscow; Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Political Science, Sociology named after G.S. Arefieva National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering University", Moscow, Russia
UTOPIAS AND REALITY: ENGLISH AND FRENCH EXPERIENCE
The article discusses socio-cultural models designed to embody the utopian ideal of the European reality of the XIX century. A detailed description and comparative analysis of the variants of ideal human existence proposed by R. Owen and E. Cabe and their ideological foundations are presented.
Key words: utopian socialism, workers, working conditions, working hours, the practice of implementing utopias, industrial revolution, R. Owen, E. Cabe
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.025
N.S. BAYRAMLY Graduate student of the Higher School of International Relations Humanitarian Institute of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; Head of Sector, North-West Institute of Management, RANEPA; Co-founder of the Azerbaijan Center for Humanitarian Cooperation, St. Petersburg, Russia
D.M. GUSEINOVA Master's student at the Northwestern Faculty of Law Institute of Management RANEPA, St. Petersburg, Russia
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND ITS ROLE IN RUSSIAN-AZERBAIJAN RELATIONS
Russian-Azerbaijani relations remain relevant even after the collapse of the USSR at the end of the 20th century. In connection with the development of society, public diplomacy tools are becoming popular, including those using Internet resources to form the image of the state. The purpose of this article is to analyze the mechanisms of public diplomacy in relations between Russia and Azerbaijan. The work uses comparative analysis, methods of logical analysis and synthesis, and conducts historical analysis. The authors analyze the practical mechanisms for building and developing relations between states. In addition, the main directions of interstate cooperation are considered, and the role of diasporas in it is assessed. As a result, it is concluded that the system of public information tools is very extensive and includes some targeted mechanisms. It is noted that diasporas play a significant role in relations between Russia and Azerbaijan for a critically wide range of areas of interaction.
Key words: international relations, international cooperation, strategic partnership, public diplomacy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.026
K.R. ARGVLIANI St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
THE SOCIETY 5.0 FORMATION POLICY IN CITIES OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
With the growing influence of information and communication technologies on everyday human life, the policy of many states in the field of socio-political development of cities is aimed at the widespread introduction of the latest developments to create "smart cities". Due to the increasing integration of high technologies into everyday life, a conceptually new structure of society is emerging, which is also called "society 5.0".
This article will examine the basic concepts and trends of the transition to a new socio-political structure, as well as the prerequisites for increasing inequality in connection with the transition to the 5.0 society and smart cities.
The purpose of this article is to trace how the introduction of new information and communication technologies affect the quality of life in cities. In accordance with this, the task of the article is to consider the regularity of transformational processes in society caused by ICT, as well as to trace their relationship with the quality of life.
Based on the analysis of policy initiatives to create smart cities and transition to a 5.0 society in the Russian Federation, Japan, the European Union, India, etc., as well as on the basis of UN-Habitat data, it can be concluded that this trend can significantly improve the quality of life of the population. At the same time, the transition to the 5.0 society provokes further development of inequality, as not everyone can equally access these technologies, not only at the level of individual states or cities, but even within the same city. This, in turn, creates a field for further discussion and the search for solutions to develop an acceptable political strategy to address the current situation.
Key words: urbanization, society 5.0, smart city, quality of life, sustainable development, inequality.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.027
E.L. BOLDYREVA PhD, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
STAM FINN BENJAMIN Independent researcher, Netherlands
A.A. NELGA Student at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
THE NETHERLANDS AND ITS POLDER MODEL
Theories and models of decision-making processes at all levels of social, political and economic life have always been of interest to both the academic community and humanity as a whole. Finding a balance between the opinions, interests and demands of different groups of people or individuals is a vast area for research work. Definitions and explanations of consensus decision making vary among different authors. This article is devoted to a model that offers a unique way of resolving conflicts and making decisions, namely the polder model. This model is closely related to Dutch characteristics and its social, political and economic development has a long history. Its principles often played a key role in the decision-making of the population and authorities of the Netherlands. The consensus model has demonstrated its advantages despite some existing shortcomings. It follows that the "polder model" had a greater impact on Dutch society and the economy than previously thought. The Dutch experience of the polder model as a way to achieve consensus can be applied in democratic countries in the socio-political sphere. This model is still used in politics, economics and business, and even in resolving disputes between neighbors.
Key words: Polder model, consensus, Netherlands, society, politics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.028
WANG FEIXIANG Graduate student of Russian Friendship University peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY OF CHINA IN THE MODERN WORLD: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The article discusses issues related to Chinese public diplomacy in the modern world. The purpose of the study is to study Chinese public diplomacy in the modern world, to identify the main features and features. Research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and much more. The concept of “public diplomacy” is defined. It is noted that political influence on basic social processes is carried out on the basis of the use of “soft power”. The main positive results that can be obtained through the use of public diplomacy are considered. The main tools and approaches to conducting public diplomacy in China have been studied. Stratagem diplomacy is considered as an effective tool of Chinese public diplomacy. The means and methods of China's “new public diplomacy” are studied. The role of the institution of strategic partnership in China has been studied. The economic diplomacy of China is considered. Oil public diplomacy has been studied. An algorithm has been developed for the development of Chinese public diplomacy in the modern world. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of using an integrated approach in solving international economic problems in achieving success, which consists in the ability to competently conduct public negotiations, develop foreign policy cooperation between countries, and use the economic benefits from international cooperation.
Key words: public diplomacy, China, development, modern world, problems, language.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.029
B.I. GOLIKOV Graduate student of the Faculty of Global processes of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
IMPLEMENTATION OF RUSSIAN-CHINESE PROJECTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF “ONE BELT – ONE ROAD”
Russian-Chinese relations are permanent and friendly. The leaders of the countries have repeatedly emphasized the commonality of interests in working for the “good of all mankind.” Countries confirm this by acting as partners in the SCO, BRICS, interacting at the EurAsEC-ASEAN level, and, finally, by bringing their integration contour to the “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR), the largest project. In October 2023, at the third International Forum “One Belt, One Road”, the emphasis was once again placed on the parallel but coordinated development of the EurAsEC and the Belt and Road Initiative. The work examines the nature of Russian-Chinese relations as the One Belt, One Road projects are implemented.
The purpose of the study is, based on statistical data, media and theoretical research, to note implemented projects, sum up intermediate results and outline the intended goals of the partnership as part of the shift in the center of business activity from the West to the East.
Key words: initiative, “One Belt, One Road”, Russian-Chinese projects, infrastructure, OBOR, cooperation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.030
E.A. DANILOVA State Civil Service Advisor, Russian Federation 2nd class; third-year postgraduate student at the Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Master of Management, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov with a specialization in “Public Administration”; lead advisor, Department for Development of Eurasian Integration, Ministry of Economic Development of Russia (2018-2020), Moscow, Russia
THE LOGIC OF GOVERNANCE DECISION-MAKING BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CHINESE POLITICAL AND BUSINESS ELITE THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CHINESE STRATEGIC GAME OF GO PART I
The article analyzes the principles of the game of Go, which can be applied to understand political decision-making in China. Based on this analysis, the article examines the role of strategic logic in Chinese policy decisions and hypothesizes about its influence on the formation and achievement of the country's policy goals.
Deepening relations with China is a priority of Russian foreign policy. This course is sustainable, long-term in nature, and is the core of the updated concept of Russian foreign policy, approved by presidential decree on March 31, 2023. However, the expert and scientific communities rightly emphasize that at the government level the declarative nature of deepening rapprochement, statements by leaders on joint development in various vectors and intergovernmental agreements are not supported by practical actions.
The author sees in this a connection with deeply different cultural approaches to the problems of war and peace, political leadership, and the logic of strategic decision-making. Political decisions, behavior, and actions of Chinese leaders cause wariness among the Russian political elite and are interpreted as an attempt to seize power. However, is this so? The author proposes to take a critical look at this attitude and examine the strategic logic of political decisions made by the Chinese leadership, using an analogy with the philosophy of the Chinese game Go. Go is an important element of the culture of thinking in China, the key to the strategic logic of Chinese politicians and managers of the highest level.
To implement this study, methods were used to analyze situations, principles and strategies of the game of Go, as well as analysis of documents and publications related to the political decisions of the Chinese leadership. The study is based on qualitative analysis to highlight the main elements of strategic logic and their application in the political context.
As a conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that China's political leadership does not involve coercing its will or depriving other states of their own benefits. The strategic patterns of Chinese logic proceed from the fact that the development of one state not only does not entail the lag of others, but rather even presupposes the possibility of asynchronous development of all.
Understanding this phenomenon by domestic politicians can remove superstitious fears and stimulate the realization of the strategic potential of the Russian-Chinese partnership.
Key words: turn to the east, political logic of China, philosophy of China, politics of China, strategy of China, strategic game of Go.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.031
A.YU. KNYSHOVA Graduate student of the Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE ROLE OF ASAN KAIGY IN THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL DISCOURSE OF THE KAZAKH KHANATE
With the acquisition of independence and the development of the strengthening process, each national state, in order to strengthen its sovereignty, turns to the origins of socio-political thought, as well as to the ideas of the “founding fathers” who devoted their lives to the study of the people and their future. At the same time, many existing countries focus on “specialness” and the need to return to the greatest stage in their history. In this article, the author analyzes the process of forming a theoretical base using the example of the thoughts of the zhyrau poet of the era of the Kazakh Khanate – Asane Kaigy. Based on the study of surviving works, the researcher will consider two main utopian concepts of the ways of development of Kazakh statehood. Based on the results of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the key ideas laid down by the poet-zhyrau and his followers are actively implemented in the domestic and foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Key words: poet-zhyrau, Kazakhstan, state, khanate, nation, idea, land.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.032
KODUAH EMMANUEL Post-graduate student, North Ossetian State University. K.L. Khetagurov, Vladikavkaz, Republic North Ossetia Alania, Russia
PROBLEMS AND TRENDS OF VOTING IN THE GENERAL ELECTIONS IN GHANA
In this article, the author has tried to outline the main problems of elections, trends and patterns of voting. Some voting theories were examined, as well as various factors determining voter behavior in Ghana. It was revealed that a certain part of the population acts socially, making political choices, including such social content as religion, ethnicity and political orientation. Making sense, some Ghanaian voters also take into account or activate the rational choice model when voting. This includes examining political messages or manifestos to justify political choices, the activities of the previous government, and other rational indicators.
Key words: Ghana, elections, electoral system, voting, political parties.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.033
M.I. KRUPIANKO Doctor of Political Sciences, Senior Researcher Institute Oriental Studies RAS, Moscow, Russia
L.G. ARESHIDZE Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor ISAA at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
JAPANESE NATIONALISM AS THE MAIN UNIFICATING AND PROTECTIVE FORCE OF THE NATION IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER OF THE XXI CENTURY PART II
The article analyzes the problems of the revival of the ideology of state nationalism taking place in modern Japan, as a traditional tool for manipulating the mass consciousness of the Japanese during the dramatic periods of the country's recent history, such as the period of formation of the new world order at the beginning of the 21st century in the context of a new confrontation between the united West, led by the United States, in containing Russia. The article emphasizes that the rise of nationalist sentiments aims to unite and mobilize the potential of the nation in the face of a real threat of destabilization of the situation in the Far East. The article analyzes the main carriers of nationalist ideology, shows the role of the institution of imperial power and the authorities in general in the formation of a nationalist worldview among Japanese youth. An attempt has been made to outline the immediate prospects for the development of nationalism in Japan, as well as the consequences of this process for the future of Japanese-Russian relations.
Key words: patriotism, nationalism, Shinto, Japanese nationalists, nationalism in foreign policy, terrorism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.034
L. MILOEVICH Assistant to the Ambassador of the Republic of Serbia to the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
NATO EXPANSION, RUSSIA'S RESPONSE AND EUROPEAN SECURITY ARCHITECTURE
The dynamics of NATO-Russia relations since the end of the Cold War have shaped the European security architecture. Within this dynamic, the biggest problem was the expansion of NATO and the disregard for Russia's security interests and its reactions at the very beginning of this process. The end result was the destruction of the European security architecture, which, in essence, implied equal and indivisible security on the European continent.
Key words: NATO expansion, Russia, European security architecture.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.035
TAMUNDELE JEAN-BAPTISTE NGEY Doctoral student in international relations, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
Scientific supervisor:
V.A. SHAGALOV Associate Professor, PhD (Associate Professor), Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
AFRICAN UNION
International diplomacy regarding African countries is highly complex and diverse, evolving over many decades. The majority of African countries gained independence from European colonial powers in the mid-20th century. This process of decolonization had a profound impact on the diplomatic relations of these nations, particularly in relation to former colonial authorities. Established in 2002 as the successor to the Organization of African Unity, the African Union has become a crucial platform for coordinating and representing the interests of African countries on the international stage. The African Union plays a significant role in the development and implementation of pan-African strategies in areas such as peace and security, economic development, and education.
Diplomacy concerning African countries often encompasses issues of peace and security. Relations between African nations and the international community in this context may involve a range of activities, from United Nations peacekeeping missions and regional organizations like the African Union to collaboration in counter-terrorism efforts and the fight against transnational crime.
Key words: African Union, integration, diplomacy, economic development, continent-wide security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.036
XING HAOTIAN Graduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Global Processes, Moscow, Russia
CHINA'S DIGITAL DIPLOMACY: FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
The combination of digital technology and diplomacy has given rise to digital diplomacy, and digital diplomacy has also become an advanced stage in the field of diplomacy, especially the COVID-19 epidemic has significantly contributed to the migration of public diplomacy from offline to online, from the real world to virtual space and accelerated the development of public diplomacy. the process of digitization and intellectualization of international communication and public diplomacy.As a country with major digital technologies, the PRC has very strong capabilities in the field of digital diplomacy, including foreign policy activities at all levels in the form of online, providing security for its citizens abroad, spreading Chinese culture through short videos, establishing a certain right to speak out in the digital space.However, in recent years, the United States has intensified its offensive policy in foreign digital diplomacy, which has had a significant impact on China and even on international cyberspace.Facing serious challenges, China will maintain an objective position, not only be careful about digital competition with the United States, but also actively promote digital diplomatic exchanges and contribute to the successful completion of the task of diplomacy, provided that information security is ensured, as well as play a major role in the international arena.
Key words: China, digital diplomacy, digital technology, cyberspace, technical rivalry.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.037
A.А. SPASOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov», Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political Analysis and socio-psychological processes, Moscow, Russia
TECHNOLOGIES OF DESTABILIZATION OF THE STATE OF THE OPPOSITION BLOC «SERBIA AGAINST VIOLENCE»
This article analyzes the actions of the opposition bloc «Serbia against Violence» aimed at the political destabilization of Serbia. The technologies of destabilization of the opposition bloc with external support include both standard forms of nonviolent protest actions used in the implementation of the template scheme of the «color revolution» – the organization of a tent camp in the city center and the involvement of young people in protest actions, and new ones, including a rapid transition from nonviolent to violent actions and vice versa, and the implementation of a combination foreign policy pressure (as part of the US military-political operation to control the escalation of the Kosovo-Serbian conflict) together with domestic political pressure. At the end of the article, the author notes among the threats to the country's security the possible activation of combat Kosovo cells (as part of increased foreign policy pressure), and also identifies possible ways to minimize the risks of destabilization of the country.
Key words: Serbia, «color revolution», technologies of destabilization of the state, «Serbia against violence», opposition, political conflict.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.038
XUE JIAXIN Postgraduate student of the Department of Global Studies, Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
COOPERATION AND PROSPECTS OF CHINA AND THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF “ONE BELT AND ONE ROAD”
Two thousand years ago, many Arab merchants traded silk, spices, ivory and other goods between China and the Middle East. The ancient Silk Road contributed to the economic and trade development of the two sides and played a very important role. Today, the traditional friendship between China and the Middle East continues to write a new chapter under “One Belt, One Road” Initiative. The economic and trade partnership is constantly strengthening, and cooperation is taking place in many areas.
“One Belt, One Road” initiative, namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, is a major international economic cooperation and development program proposed by China in 2013. This initiative aims to promote the shared prosperity of countries along the route by strengthening cooperation in infrastructure construction, trade, cultural exchange and other areas. Currently, more than 100 countries and international organizations have responded and participated in the development of “One Belt, One Road” initiative. “One Belt, One Road” covers a large number of countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. As of the end of March 2019, the Chinese government had already signed 173 cooperation documents with 125 countries and 29 international organizations. As a necessary and important region for “One Belt, One Road” Initiative, the Middle East's positions and policies are critical to the initiative's advancement. The Middle East is located in the connecting zone between Asia and Africa, and is also one of the key regions for promoting “One Belt, One Road” initiative. China is now the Middle East's largest trading partner, and the Middle East is also China's most important energy supplier.
This article mainly talks about the diplomatic relations between China and the Middle East, the specific cooperation “One Belt, One Road” initiative, and the prospect and proposal for cooperation between the two sides under this initiative.
Key words: Diplomatic relations, “One Belt and One Road” Initiative, Middle East, China, Energy cooperation.
SCIENTIFIC REFLECTIONS ON A CURRENT TOPIC
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.102.2.039
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Russian political scientist and politician, Moscow, Russia
ON THE QUESTION OF MODERN POLITICAL PARTIES
The article, prepared on the basis of video recordings of the author’s lectures and conversations on political science, characterizes the role of political parties in the modern political process. The features of the typology of political parties and their main functions are revealed. The insufficiency of foundations when using Western mathematical and sociological methods to assess political activity and political culture in modern Russia is emphasized.
Key words: political parties, modern political process, typology of parties, functions of political parties, ideology, political culture, traditional culture.