№ 8-1 (96-1), 2023
Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 13, Issue 8-1 (96-1), 2023
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
Sviridenko E.A. Images of the Sovereign and the State in the Sources of the XV-XVI Centuries
Sliva E.S. Systemic Foundations of the Structure, Properties and Functions of Political Elites
Hao Long. A Critical Study of Western Democratic System – Taking American Democratic System as an Example (Part II)
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Ziborov D.M. Scientific and Intelligence Component of the Embassy of A.V. Kaulbars to Kashgar in 1872
Shaldunova T.N. Transformations of Peter I – Stereotypes of Perception
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
Shpakovsky S.A., Burda M.A., Gerasimovа I.V. Factors and Conditions of Migration Attractiveness of the State in the Context of the Theory of Migration Networks D. Massey
Qian Qianrong. Chinese Migration to the Russian Far East at the Current Stage
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Pyzh V.V., Lukyanenkova L.V. Spiritual Security of Society and the Problems of its Provision in the Russian Federation in the Context of Modern Geopolitical Rivalry
Demirchiev A.O., Afonin M.V., Popov S.I. National Policy: Integrative Approach
Kharitonov K.A. Content Options of the Concept “Democracy” in Russian and Chinese Political Traditions
Tushkov A.A. Maritime Activity of the Russian Federation as the Basis of State Policy to Ensure National Interests in the World Ocean
Llanga Martinez Michelle Veronica. Populist Technologies in Political Communication on the Example of Ecuador
Huang Mingtuo. Characteristics and Reasons for the Use of Terminology in Russian Information Security Strategy
Petrova S.V., Ivshina A.V. Cyber Party as a New Form of Political Activity
Seravin A.I. Determinants of Electoral Politics: Peculiarities as a Resource
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES
Drozhnikov R.A. Theoretical Approaches to the Study of the Phenomenon of Multinational Companies
Bodrov A.K. The Phenomenon of Agglomerations as “Growth Poles” in the Regional Structure of Russia: Political Aspect
Petropolsky A.I. Modern Model of Participation of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in Government Decision-Making
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
Pryakhin V.F. Russia and China in the Arctic. Example of Constructive Cooperation
Ponomarenko A.P. Austrian National Security Challenges for Austria in 2023
Sinitsyna E.I. The Role of Congress in Determining the U. S. Nuclear Declaratory Policy
Alyushina A.A. Globalization 2023: a Retrospective of Views
Luo Yanchao. The State of Sino-Indian Relations at the Prese
Muamar F. Military Policies as Solutions to the Problem of Terrorism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Xu Jun. Tools and Effects of U.S. Soft Power in Central Asia in the 21st Century
Tamundele Jean-Baptiste Ngey. The Role of the UN in the African Union. Failure or Success?
Philippova N.I. The «Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions» Movement: Israel's Countermeasures
Khvaley A.A. Political Foundations of Information Confrontation in the Arab Region and its Role in the International Political Process
STUDENT SCIENCE
Mirzekhanov K.V. Transit of Power in Turkmenistan and its Impact on Turkmen Foreign Policy
Radionova E.A. The Role of Private Companies in Promoting British Interests in the Early XXI Century
Filimonova E.S. The Main Stages of the Life and Work of A.D. Sakharov
Yartsev E.A. The Main Features of the Implementation of the Principle of Transparency of the Budget System in the Activities of State (Municipal) Financial Control Bodies
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.001
E.A. SVIRIDENKO Postgraduate student, Faculty of Philosophy, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
IMAGES OF THE SOVEREIGN AND THE STATE IN THE SOURCES OF THE XV-XVI CENTURIES
The article is devoted to identifying the key points of view and images of the sovereign and the state in the historical sources of Rus' in the XV-XVI centuries. Numerous sources demonstrate the process of increasing the political authority of the sovereign and explain what caused the sacralization of his power within the historical context of events. Chronicles and epistles show the process of establishing a discourse of strong royal power. The growing independence of the Russian principalities from the weakening Golden Horde contributed to the strengthening of the role of the prince, as well as the capital – Moscow. The Russian Church call the sovereign the tsar, the role of the ruler changes – he becomes the defender of the Orthodox faith. Some cited the example of Mohammed II and Vlad Tepes as formidable but fair sovereigns who create a righteous court and govern the country according to God's laws. The concept is refined to the form that the tsar has two “incarnations”. He plays the role of both a secular monarch and God’s protege, that is, the country ruled by the sovereign is transformed into a “center of the Orthodox”, which also carries the idea of the "Third Rome" as a political-religious concept of continuity and moral rightness.
Key words: Sovereign, royal power, third Rome, political philosophy, history, politics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.002
E.S. SLIVA Graduate student South Russian University – Branch of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
SYSTEMIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL ELITES
In order to effectively fulfill the tasks of socio-political development, as well as to increase the effectiveness of the processes of managing social development, it is necessary to take into account the influence of political elites. This is facilitated by the expansion of scientific ideas about the functioning of political elites. The purpose of the study is to identify the systemic nature of political elites. It is proved that the principles of consistency reveal the construction of political elites as the integrity of elements that are in an ordered structure, conditioned by connections and relationships, in a state of continuous development. The result of the study is the clarification of the content of political elites, reflecting their properties, the realized relations of power and aggregated interests, the processes of resource provision of power, the influence of the environment.
Key words: political elites, power, aggregated interests, power resources, functions and structure of political elites, education system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.003
HAO LONG Candidate of Political Sciences (MSU), Doctor of Political Sciences (Peking University), Lecturer, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Moscow, Russia
A CRITICAL STUDY OF WESTERN DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM – TAKING AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM AS AN EXAMPLE PART II
Democracy is the basis of the discourse of modern Western politics, from the moment the concept appeared to the present day at the level of the "hierarchy of values", a complex process has taken place. After the bourgeois Revolution in England, the American War of Independence and the French Revolution, the developed modern Western countries were raised to "arrogant values". At the same time, all countries of the world also imply "institutional democracy" as the main international moral principle "beyond borders". However, in practice, the institutional vector that Western countries, led by the United States, rely on is still a representative democracy characterized by representation and elections, and objectively far from meeting people's expectations regarding democracy. In addition, due to the great cultural differences between the countries of the world and the fact that "democratic issues" were arbitrarily used by some countries with ulterior motives, this led to large disputes between countries, serious interstate conflicts. The article attempts, within the framework of the approach of the ideological and logical source of "democracy", in combination with relevant political theories, as well as history and practice, to try to explain the true values of democracy and its shortcomings in the Western style. The article analyzes the interests of various US political parties and groups, their political platforms in the context of democratic procedures, which is insufficiently studied in Russian historiography. The purpose of the study is to propose some possible directions for the democratic development of the international community on the basis of scientific analysis.
Key words: Western democracy, criticism, US democratic policy, US history.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.004
D.M. ZIBOROV Applicant for a Degree Candidate of Historical Sciences chair of Russian history of the XIX century and the beginning of XX century, Department of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLIGENCE COMPONENT OF THE EMBASSY OF A.V. KAULBARS TO KASHGAR IN 1872
The article is devoted to the Russian embassy headed by A.V. Kaulbars, which was sent to Kashgar in 1872 to settle trade and political relations with the local ruler Yakub-beg, who came to power as a result of a powerful Muslim uprising and China's loss of control over this territory. The Russian authorities considered conducting a military campaign against Yakub-bek to stabilize the situation. An alternative option was to conclude an agreement on favorable terms for Russia, which became the main result of the embassy's activities. However, the members of the mission also managed to collect important scientific and intelligence information about Kashgar, the political structure of Yakub-bek's state and the state of his armed forces. This side of the mission's work has so far remained in the shadows and has not been touched upon by historians, and this work is the first attempt to shed light on a little-studied aspect of the policy of the Russian Empire in East Turkestan, based on archival sources, many of which are used in scientific literature for the first time.
Key words: Russian Empire, China, A.V. Kaulbars, Yakub-bek, Yettishar, Kashgar.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.005
T.N. SHALDUNOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department SGN-3, MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, Moscow, Russia
TRANSFORMATIONS OF PETER I – STEREOTYPES OF PERCEPTION
The paper analyzes the stereotypical perception of the transformations of the first Russian emperor Peter I, for whom the characteristic of the reformer tsar, who "cut a window to Europe," is firmly entrenched in historiography. The personality of Peter the Great and his legacy have always been of interest and will certainly be of interest to researchers in the future. Almost immediately, in the XVIII century, a number of stereotypical images of Peter were formed. The author strives to show that all the actions of the emperor were dictated by an absolutely sober calculation and expressed, first of all, the interests of strengthening the positions of the Russian Empire, as well as had a clear continuity with the policy of Peter's predecessors. The paper analyzes various views on the transformations carried out by the first emperor. As a result of the study, it can be seen that interest in the ongoing transformations, which began partially spontaneously, and subsequently built into a systematic reform of the public administration system, does not fade in historical science. At the same time, one can almost always see the ambiguity of reading the prerequisites for transformations and their consequences for the development of post-Petrine Russia. Each subsequent generation of researchers will continue to replicate and develop a stereotypical perception of the key moments of Peter the Great's transformative activity.
Key words: Peter I, Alexey Mikhailovich, transformations, reforms, the Russian state, the Moscow state, the emperor.
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.006
S.A. SHPAKOVSKY Master of Political Science, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
M.A. BURDA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science and Political Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
I.V. GERASIMOVА Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population, Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
FACTORS AND CONDITIONS OF MIGRATION ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THEORY OF MIGRATION NETWORKS D. MASSEY
The article analyzes migration processes in the modern world in the context of the influence of various migration factors. In the modern world, there are states that attract migrants, there are, on the contrary, states whose policies motivate people to leave the country. Differences in the economic and demographic development of states determine the formation of a migration policy model, and migrants, guided by a complex of objective and subjective factors, tend to existing points of attraction that have a high level of migration attractiveness. In this regard, the authors attempted to structure various migration factors in the context of the theory of migration networks by D. Massey.
Key words: migration, migration processes, migration policy, public administration, economic development.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.007
QIAN QIANRONG Postgraduate student, School of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
CHINESE MIGRATION TO THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AT THE CURRENT STAGE
This article is devoted to the specifics of the current stage of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East. The main purpose is the illustration the of Chinese migration dynamics as multi-stage process. Author considered various aspects of migration – demographic, historical, political and legal. The research is based on the study of statistical data, Russian migration legislation, and Chinese migration flows, determined by historical and demographic trends at the Far Eastern Region. Author recommends strengthening control over migration flows and increasing cooperation with the Government of the People's Republic of China in this area due to it is capable of determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of the migration flows considered.
Key words: migration, external migration, migration policy, migration legislation, Far East, Far Eastern Federal District, China.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.008
V.V. PYZH Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health, St. Petersburg, Russia
L.V. LUKYANENKOVA Teacher "MOE Kostrov Secondary educational school", Kostrov, Russia
SPIRITUAL SECURITY OF SOCIETY AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS PROVISION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN GEOPOLITICAL RIVALRY
Spiritual security is the most important component of the security of modern Russian society in general. It is a state of the socio-cultural environment in which social consciousness, spiritual values, culture are united and conditions are provided for the spiritual improvement and progress of the individual, society and the state on the basis of national identity and the preservation of the spiritual community of the people.
Historical examples show that the processes taking place in the spiritual sphere can have both a multidimensional positive and extremely negative impact on the development of Russia in the XXI century in the context of new geopolitical realities.
Key words: patriotism, spirituality, spiritual safety of youth, spiritual and moral values, strategy of development of education, youth policy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.009
A.O. DEMIRCHIEV Master of Political Science, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
S.I. POPOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
NATIONAL POLICY: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
In the article, the authors consider the problems of state national policy, which is relevant and important for modern society, especially in the light of recent events related to interethnic relations and the strengthening of Russian unity. The authors present various approaches to understanding national politics as an internal political phenomenon, and also analyze the main theoretical and methodological approaches. Increasing the effectiveness of scientific knowledge of interethnic relations and relevant management practices, especially in the light of growing geopolitical tensions and increasing competition between states, will ensure the harmonious and peaceful coexistence of all nationalities within the country.
Key words: national policy, interethnic relations, national minorities, public policy, public administration.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.010
K.A. KHARITONOV Graduate student of the Russian State social university, Moscow, Russia
CONTENT OPTIONS OF THE CONCEPT “DEMOCRACY” IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE POLITICAL TRADITIONS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main options for understanding the concept of "democracy" in the Russian and Chinese political science traditions.
The article emphasizes that at present a certain universal image of the state has been formed in the world, represented by a coherent sequence of universals and concepts. The most important concept of this sequence is "democracy". In the modern political science picture of the world, generated mainly by Western political science, exclusively democratic countries have the right to exist, while countries that are undemocratic or have differences in the understanding of democracy with Western political science are declared authoritarian, totalitarian, rogue countries. Meanwhile, individual countries and groups of countries representing autonomous cultures and civilizations have both their own political traditions and their own interests, often stemming from the historical experience of survival. It was this experience, along with a number of parameters of the existence of the people – from ethnic psychology to the peculiarities of the climate – that allowed the people to survive through the centuries. Therefore, the assessment of national political cultures from the point of view of another national political culture for compliance with the latter is not always legitimate.
The article analyzes the variants of understanding the concept of "democracy" in Russian and Chinese political science. The concept of "sovereign democracy" is analyzed as the Russian version, and "people's democracy" as the Chinese version. The theoretical foundations and prospects for the development of these concepts as one of the sources of national ideologies are evaluated. The necessity of forming a corpus of interconnected concepts for the formation of national ideologies as complex and interacting images of national political pictures of the world is emphasized.
Key words: ideal democracy, sovereign democracy, people's democracy, national ideology, ideological universality, ideological concept.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.011
A.A. TUSHKOV Postgraduate student of Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok, Russia
MARITIME ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS THE BASIS OF STATE POLICY TO ENSURE NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE WORLD OCEAN
In this article, the author turned to an urgent topic – the analysis of the maritime activities of the Russian Federation to ensure national interests in the World Ocean, when the geopolitical changes of recent decades have significantly narrowed the field of activity of the state. These circumstances have had an extremely negative impact on all components of the maritime component of its State potential. Including the naval, research, transport and fishing fleets, the branches of the marine complex, the fleet basing system, etc. The problem is compounded by the fact that the importance of the World Ocean for the whole world and the Russian Federation will steadily grow in the long term. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 327 "On Approval of the Foundations of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of Naval activities for the period up to 2030" dated July 25, 2017 emphasized the fact that the leading world powers with significant naval potential and a developed basing system continue to increase their naval presence in the main areas of the World Ocean, including in the waters directly adjacent to the territory of the Russian Federation. Approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 31.07.2022 No. 512 of the Maritime Doctrine specifies the strategic goals, objectives, principles and main functional directions of Russia's maritime activities in the World Ocean.
Key words: the world Ocean, the Maritime Doctrine of Russia, the national maritime policy of the Russian Federation, the national interests of Russia, global challenges and risks.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.012
LLANGA MARTINEZ MICHELLE VERONICA Postgraduate student, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
POPULIST TECHNOLOGIES IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF ECUADOR
The relevance of the research topic is that the digital revolution and the development of ICT have transformed the forms of personal and mass communication. The media toolkit is expanding, its functionality is becoming more complex, there is an increase in engagement and interactivity, user participation in the creation and dissemination of political content. The format of political communications is changing: its new models and channels are being formed, as well as various socio-cultural and political-communicative practices. The complexity and specificity of understanding the problem is determined by the intensity of transformations, as well as the interdisciplinary nature of the study. As a methodological basis, an integrated approach should be applied, including elements of systemic and synergetic approaches. The learned results showed that the applied methods of the hero image, mobile offices and populist holidays are effective for the political environment of Ecuador.
Key words: populism, political communication, political technologies, V. Ibarro, R. Correa.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.013
HUANG MINGTUO Lecturer of College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University, China
CHARACTERISTICS AND REASONS FOR THE USE OF TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN INFORMATION SECURITY STRATEGY
With the militarization of cyberspace in the world, most countries use the term "Cyberwarfare" in their legislation, while Russia uses the term "Information warfare". Russia has a broader understanding of this term, that is, it not only pays attention to the threat of network technology itself, but also pays attention to the specific content that may pose a threat to Russia's national security through the use of network. This article discusses the terminology differences used in information security strategies between the West and Russia, and analyzes different perspectives on threats.
Key words: Russia, information security, Cyberwarfare, Information warfare.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.014
S.V. PETROVA Ph.D., Associate Professor Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Law Sochi State University, Sochi, Russia
A.V. IVSHINA Assistant Vice-Rector, Lecturer at the Department of Theory of Law and State, History and Philosophy Sochi State University, Sochi, Russia
CYBER PARTY AS A NEW FORM OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY
In the modern world, virtual parties (cyber parties) are becoming increasingly popular and influential. These new forms of political activity are based on the use of information and communication technologies to organize and conduct political activities. The article discusses the concept of cyber parties, their historical context and their significance and role in the modern political environment. It also analyzes the benefits and risks associated with the civil rights and freedoms of the electorate, and develops recommendations for their further development.
Key words: Internet, social networks, media space, digital technologies, info-anarchism, electorate, cyber parties, political process.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.015
A.I. SERAVIN Competitor Northwestern Institute of Management (branch) RANEPA, Moscow, Russia
DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORAL POLITICS: PECULIARITIES AS A RESOURCE
The relevance of the study is caused by the complexity of the ongoing processes in electoral politics, the variety of institutional opportunities and restrictions that affect the development of the process of electoral democracy. In the article, using the example of generalizing the theoretical directions of domestic and foreign researchers of the processes of electoral politics, electoral processes and party building, the problems of introducing digital technologies are analyzed. The article highlights two types of digital party innovations: "supporting innovations" and disruptive innovations "as technologies for intensive and radical changes in parties. The article states the influence of electoral politics digitalization technologies on the determinism of electoral behavior. Studies show a decrease in the political and managerial potential of the influence of political parties on social processes, it is stated that parties do not always reflect the mood of the electorate, target audiences.
Key words: electoral politics, digital technologies, electorate, parties.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.016
R.A. DROZHNIKOV Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
The development of digital technologies enhances the processes of globalization in the information society, and brings the problem of functioning and development of multinational companies to a new level.
The author introduced a new concept of "transnational company" as a complex that uses an international approach in its activities and involves the formation of a transnational production, trade and financial complex with a single decision-making center in the home country and with branches in other countries.
The article systematizes theoretical approaches to determining the content of the definition of "transnational companies". The main essential characteristics, signs and functions of multinational companies are specified. The analysis of scientists' points of view allows us to identify both positive and negative effects from the activities of multinational companies.
Key words: transnational companies, scientific schools of transnationalization, concepts of transnationalization, transnationalism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.017
A.K. BODROV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE PHENOMENON OF AGGLOMERATIONS AS “GROWTH POLES” IN THE REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA: POLITICAL ASPECT
Agglomerations are one of the key elements in the spatial development of the country. This is both an old and a new phenomenon in state systems for the reason that the study of agglomerations as one of the concomitant results of urbanization began at the beginning of the 20th century A. Weber, at the same time, in the current way of the economy with the use of digital technologies, acceleration of production, means of delivery of raw materials, movement of people and information, agglomerations, as a place of concentration of production and financial capacities, they are discovering new horizons of development. The question is whether the configuration of agglomerations will change, how they will affect the territorial structure of the region and the state in the context of the introduction of digital technologies and how this will affect the political aspects of the life of the state. We will consider these issues in this article. We will make a theoretical digression into the concept and varieties of agglomerations, the authors' arguments on this topic, after which we will talk about Russian agglomerations and their modern influence on the territorial structure of the state.
Key words: region, territorial development, spatial development, agglomeration, urban agglomeration, conurbation, interaction of the center and regions, territorial structure of the state.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.018
A.I. PETROPOLSKY RGSU graduate student, Moscow, Russia
MODERN MODEL OF PARTICIPATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES IN GOVERNMENT DECISION-MAKING
Introduction: the article is devoted to the study of the main aspects of the participation of small and medium-sized businesses in politics in the Russian Federation. The study examines the most popular models of political interaction between the state and business at the current stage of development of public-business relations.
Objective: to identify the model of participation of small and medium-sized businesses in government decision-making that is most typical for Russia.
Tasks: to characterize the most popular political models of relations between business and the state all over the world today; to identify the features of models of state-entrepreneurial interaction; to determine which of the models most characterizes the relations between business and the state in Russia.
Methods: abstraction, deduction, induction, research, description, generalization, synthesis, comparison, systematization.
Results: the two most common models of political relations between the state and business, in particular, pluralistic and corporatist models, are considered and in general terms disclosed.
Conclusions: in the modern realities of the relations that have developed between the subjects of Russian small and medium-sized businesses and public authorities, a model of such business participation in government decision-making has been formed, in which, it would seem, business has the right to legislative initiative. At the same time, firstly, this right can be expressed, as a rule, through authorized representatives of the Russian business sector. Secondly, this right is not constitutionally reserved for small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation. Thirdly, the state power has assumed the managerial and coordination function with respect to small and medium-sized businesses. Fourth, the Russian business sector is characterized by monopolism and a significant predominance of the competitive advantages of state corporations over small businesses, which indicates higher support from government agencies of large state-owned companies as opposed to small and medium-sized businesses. The above list of determinants is characteristic of such a model of participation of small and medium-sized businesses in government decision-making in Russia as paternalistic corporatism.
Key words: business, small, medium, participation, state, policy, model, pluralistic, corporatist, paternalistic, decision, initiative, legislation.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.019
V.F. PRYAKHIN D.Sc. (political science), Professor (International Relations Dept., RSHU) Professor (Diplomacy Dept., MGIMO-University), Moscow, Russia
RUSSIA AND CHINA IN THE ARCTIC. EXAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE COOPERATION
The Arctic is increasingly coming to the forefront of world politics as a region with large-scale reserves of raw materials and energy resources, a subject of particular concern for environmentalists and climatologists, as well as a region of opportunities for international cooperation and potential military-strategic rivalry. Despite the existing disagreements on the delimitation of the continental shelf, until recently, the activities of the circumpolar states, were dominated by a spirit of constructive cooperation. With the aggravation of the political crisis around Ukraine, the Western circumpolar NATO member states have set a course for "excommunicating" Russia from cooperation in the format of the Arctic Council.
The article presented analyzes the positive experience of Russian-Chinese cooperation as an example of constructive interaction in the development of the region's resources.
Key words: Arctic, continental shelf, natural resources, cooperation, Arctic Council, Russia, China.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.020
A.P. PONOMARENKO Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
AUSTRIAN NATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES FOR AUSTRIA IN 2023
The Ukrainian conflict remains the center of Europe's political agenda. Nevertheless, European states become more and more tired of the topic of war, which is noticeable, in particular, in Austrian journalism. Despite politicians’ statements that the war in Ukraine is Austria's biggest challenge today, there are many other factors that pose a more real threat to the country's security. This article discusses and analyzes main challenges that Vienna faces in 2023, with the exception of the Ukrainian conflict.
Key words: Austria, security, drones, migration, terrorism, radicalism, hypersonic weapons.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.021
E.I. SINITSYNA Graduate student, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia
THE ROLE OF CONGRESS IN DETERMINING THE U. S. NUCLEAR DECLARATORY POLICY
The article examines the peculiarities of interaction between the executive and legislative branches of the U. S. government and the role of Congress in the context of nuclear declaratory policy during the presidency of B. Obama, D. Trump and J. Biden. The article is based on an analysis of Nuclear Posture Reviews (NPR) and U. S. legislative acts. The main attention was paid to the concept of no-first-use and the concept of sole purpose. As a result, it was concluded that issues related to U. S. nuclear policy remain highly controversial even under the control of the Democratic Party of the executive and legislative branches of government. The role of the U. S. Congress in developing the nuclear doctrine, despite the tools available in its arsenal, remains limited.
Key words: nuclear weapons, declaratory policy, U. S. Congress, Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), B. Obama, D. Trump, J. Biden.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.022
A.A. ALYUSHINA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor Departments of Humanities with the course of pedagogy and psychology of higher school, Chita State Medical Academy", Chita, Russia
GLOBALIZATION 2023: A RETROSPECTIVE OF VIEWS
The article discusses the issues of a new trend in the international political process – "deglobalization". Modern trends in the development of globalization are analyzed. The views of representatives of globalism and alterglobalism are presented. Assumptions are made about the future of world processes in an era of uncertainty and unpredictability of participants in international relations.
Key words: globalization, deglobalization, hyperglobalization, neoliberalism, alterlobalism, economy, market, civilization, society.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.023
LUO YANCHAO National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
THE STATE OF SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS AT THE PRESE
The Sino-Indian relationship has been a subject of concern for many years. The two countries have shared a long history of cultural and economic exchanges, but the bilateral relationship has been marred by political tensions. In recent years, however, the two countries have become more cooperative on trade and security issues. The relationship between China and India is one of the most important bilateral relationships in the world. It is a very complex relationship with many contradictions, but it is also a very important strategic relationship for both countries. This article will discuss why China and India have such a strong relationship and how it has changed over time. The first reason why China and India have such a strong relationship is because they both have similar interests in the region. Both countries are interested in maintaining peace in the region because they both want to be able to trade freely without any interference from other countries. Also, we will discuss the current state of Sino-Indian relations at the present stage. It will also analyze how China's growing power in Asia is affecting India's position in the region and how both countries can improve their ties to promote regional peace and stability. As Asia's largest and fastest growing powers in modern global politics, the relationship between China and India is growing closer. This symbiosis is characterized by clear commonalities, including a common civilizational foundation, a mutual desire to once again become great powers in international relations, and common goals of modernization. At the same time, relations are complicated by a number of issues, most notably long-standing territorial disputes, friction over regional friction over regional leadership, and broader diplomatic tensions (primarily over Sino-Pakistani and India-US ties). This article explores the historical roots and contemporary realization of a key dynamic in the relationship between Beijing and New Delhi.
Key words: China, India, bilateral relations, Galvan conflict, multipolarity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.024
F. MUAMAR PhD Candidate, Political Science and International Relations Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
MILITARY POLICIES AS SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)
Local and foreign military efforts in counter-terrorism operations in the Middle East and North Africa region, cause negative implications. Military strikes against terrorist do not mean a final elimination of their threat. Military operations end up killing terrorists, but also causing losses of hundreds of billions of Dollars in infrastructure, besides, millions of refugees. Therefore, preventing terrorism before its emergence is a better choice rather than causing lots of destruction, human and financial losses.
Key words: MENA, Middle East, North Africa, deradicalization, extremism, terror, ISIS, Islamic State in Iraq and Levante, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, Islamic state, Jihad, counterterrorism, military operation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.025
XU JUN Postgraduate Student, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia; Senior teacher, Cangzhou Normal University, China
TOOLS AND EFFECTS OF U.S. SOFT POWER IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY
The article examines the diversity and effectiveness of the soft power tools employed by the United States in Central Asia in the 21st century. The United States utilizes a wide range of instruments, including cultural and educational exchanges, economic aid, educational programs, and security cooperation. Examples of activities by organizations such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Greater Central Asia project, the American University of Central Asia (AUCA), the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, and other important entities that contribute to the implementation of non-coercive policies in the region are discussed.
However, despite the variety of these tools, not all of them achieve the desired impact, which may be attributed to the loss of trust in the United States by the countries in the region. The gradual erosion of trust in the United States over time can be influenced by various factors, including geopolitical dynamics, historical events, and perceptions of American foreign policy. In conclusion, the importance of studying the instruments and challenges of U.S. soft power in Central Asia is emphasized for a better understanding of their effectiveness and impact.
Key words: United States, soft power, Central Asia, U.S. Agency for International Development, international relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.026
TAMUNDELE JEAN-BAPTISTE NGEY Doctoral student in international relations, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
Scientific supervisor:
V.A. SHAGALOV Associate Professor, PhD (Associate Professor), Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
THE ROLE OF THE UN IN THE AFRICAN UNION. FAILURE OR SUCCESS?
The article is devoted to cooperation between the United Nations (UN) and regional international organizations, in particular the African Union (AU). Over the past decade, the role of the AU and sub-regional organizations has increased significantly. Through its peace and security bodies, the African Union makes a huge contribution to strengthening stability and promoting democracy and respect for human rights in Africa. Within the framework of this article, the question of the role of the UN in the African Union is one of the central ones. This issue is of serious importance, since the UN and the African Union are two key international organizations that deal with important issues on the world stage.
Key words: UN, African Union, Sudan, regional conflicts, peacekeeping operation, regional security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.027
N.I. PHILIPPOVA Research assistant, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Postgraduate student, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
THE «BOYCOTT, DIVESTMENT, SANCTIONS» MOVEMENT: ISRAEL'S COUNTERMEASURES
The «Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions» Movement (BDS), founded in 2005, advocates non-violent action against Israel to end the occupation and protect the rights of the Palestinian people. Israel's perception of the movement's program as undermining the image and national identity of the state contributed to the campaign aimed to end BDS activities. At the same time, the countermeasures have pushed the Israeli authorities into a reputational dilemma, in which Tel Aviv has also been criticized for the undemocratic nature of some of the steps. The question of improving its own image remained a dilemma for Israel as well. Due to a series of ongoing military conflicts, Israel has adopted advertising tactics without a direct link to the state.
Key words: Israel, Palestine, NGO, BDS, rights of the Palestinian people, human rights.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.028
A.A. KHVALEY Candidate of Department of Political Science of the East of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INFORMATION CONFRONTATION IN THE ARAB REGION AND ITS ROLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL PROCESS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of information confrontation in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa from the point of view of political science approach. The purpose of the research was to identify a set of factors (primarily political and political-economic in nature) that caused the next aggravation of the information-psychological confrontation, which is conducted by both Western and Eastern countries in the Arab world. The author gives a brief history of the development of the phenomenon in question, describes its current state and presents a conclusion about the high probability of further escalation of tension in the information-psychological sphere of the Arab states.
The Arab world, many countries of which occupy a favorable geographical position and possess all the necessary resources for further development, is gradually beginning to play an increasing role in the international political process. The leading countries of the region are striving to gain greater subjectivity and claim regional leadership and the title of global financial and logistical centers. In this regard, there is an increased interest of major geopolitical players in the Arab countries. The United States, China and Russia are intensifying their Middle East policy, often clashing with each other on the information and psychological front. The most acute rivalry is unfolding between the Russian Federation and the United States, and although it has not yet taken on the scale of the Cold War, the increase in global tensions currently leaves no room for de-escalation.
Key words: Arab world, Middle East, geopolitics, international relations, information warfare.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.029
K.V. MIRZEKHANOV Master's student at the Faculty of Global Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
TRANSIT OF POWER IN TURKMENISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON TURKMEN FOREIGN POLICY
The article is devoted to the processes of power transit in Turkmenistan, which began in 2022, and their impact on the transformation of a number of directions of foreign policy of the former Soviet republic. In it, the author analyses the key factors that led to the transit of power and the influence of the personal factor on the foreign policy of the Turkmen state. The study shows that Turkmenistan's subjectivity as a Caspian littoral country in international affairs is currently manifested through the reorientation of interests towards strengthening relations with the Russian Federation, neighbouring Central Asian states and the Asian world as a whole. Relations with Western countries are taking a back seat, in particular due to the differences in political culture and civilisational codes of the parties, which significantly complicate the development of Turkmenistan's relations with the USA and the EU.
Key words: Central Asia, Turkmenistan, Russia, USA, EU, personalist regime, transit of power, policy of positive neutrality, foreign policy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.030
E.A. RADIONOVA Student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
THE ROLE OF PRIVATE COMPANIES IN PROMOTING BRITISH INTERESTS IN THE EARLY XXI CENTURY
This article is devoted to determining the influence of private companies, including multinational corporations (MNCs), in promoting British interests in the period of the early twenty-first century. The study aims at a comprehensive analysis of the British neo-colonial policy and consideration of the main forms of neo-colonial exploitation (military, cultural and economic). The relevance of the study stems from the fact that although Britain is not the leading country suspected of pursuing a policy of neo-colonialism, its influence on independent states in Asia, Africa and Latin America remains significant, especially through the activities of private companies. The paper examines the main forms of British neo-colonial exploitation. Special attention is paid to economic expansion as the most significant mechanism of neo-colonial policy. In addition, it analyses the activities of MNCs in the context of promoting British interests in the territories of former colonies. To achieve the set tasks, the methods of analysing theoretical research, as well as systematic analysis of statistical data on the activities of British private companies were used. The scientific novelty of the work consists in determining the degree of influence of private companies on the promotion of British interests in the territory of former colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The analysis has shown that economic exploitation is one of the key instruments of neo-colonial policy. By attracting multinational corporations, which can be classified into extractive, manufacturing and financial corporations, the UK uses former colonies to enrich the national economy by extracting natural resources (oil, gas and precious metals), selling products of its production, as well as imposing unequal partnerships on developing countries. The analysis presented in the article may be useful to a wide range of readers, including those interested in the study of the neo-colonial policy of the UK.
Key words: Great Britain, neo-colonialism, multinational corporations, private companies, developing countries, former colonies of the British Empire.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.031
E.S. FILIMONOVA Bachelor's and Master's degree graduate Department of History of Social and Political Teachings of the Faculty political science MSU. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
THE MAIN STAGES OF THE LIFE AND WORK OF A.D. SAKHAROV
Within the framework of this article, an attempt was made to periodize the life of the famous Russian physicist A.D. Sakharov. To achieve the goal, the main stages of the biography were identified, without which it is impossible to form a complete picture of the personality and actions of the academician. The article also offers a brief overview of the main nuclear test sites of the planet and describes the results of the Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement. One of the results of the study is the discovery of a connection between the US government and the Sakharov Centers, which consists in continuous financing of anti-Russian activities. Moreover, the negative position of the academician's own son in relation to the activities of the Bonner children abroad related to the name of Sakharov and his legacy was revealed.
In addition to biographical analysis, the author of the article made assumptions about the reasons for the change in the academician's attitude to the main business of his life – nuclear weapons. Sakharov 's opinion on the importance of having nuclear weapons in the USSR has changed for several reasons: 1) the death of Sakharov's first wife from cancer; 2) misunderstandings with N.S. Khrushchev and his entourage; 3) personal presence during the observation of the trials and awareness of the number of test victims; 4) the influence of Western scientists; 5) marriage to E.G. Bonner in 1972. Methods of this research: biographical analysis, historical and political analysis.
Key words: nuclear weapons, tests, "Tsar-Bomb", Sakharov puff, landfills, victims, exile, dissidence, family, environment, Sarov, Gorky, Khrushchev, Beria, Tamm, Sakharov, Bonner, perestroika, Nevada-Semipalatinsk, environmental safety, rethinking values, Russia, USA.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.032
E.А. YARTSEV Master’s student at the Higher School of the State Audit, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY OF THE BUDGET SYSTEM IN THE ACTIVITIES OF STATE (MUNICIPAL) FINANCIAL CONTROL BODIES
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of the principle of transparency of the budget system at the present stage. It analyzes and describes in detail the forms and methods of implementing this principle, while the emphasis is on considering the main features of the implementation of the principle of transparency in the activities of financial control bodies. Such methods, for example, include interaction with other public authorities, publication of annual reports, posting information on the Internet. The study shows that the current legal regulation does not establish exhaustive rules on the implementation of the principle of transparency in the activities of the Federal Treasury and other executive authorities in the implementation of internal financial control. In this regard, it seems appropriate to develop and establish relevant regulations at the level of subordinate regulation.
Key words: Audit Chamber, principle of transparency, control and accounting bodies, budget system, financial control, interaction of authorities, openness of information.