№ 4 (116), 2025
Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 15, Issue 4 (116), 2025
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
Razinkov D.A. Ideological-Disciplinary Genesis of the Concept of Political Culture
Soldatov Yu.V. Elite Pluralism as a Theoretical Basis for Analyzing the Interaction of Interest Groups in Polyarchy
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Slizovsky D.E., Medvedev N.P. Political History of the 90s. Strokes Towards a Political Portrait of B.N. Yeltsin
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
Shiyapova E.A. Spiritual and Moral Values as the Basis of Modern Russian Politics
Kozlova D.A. E. Junger on the Role of East and West in the Formation of a New World Order
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Zaslavsky S.E., Lukushin V.A. To the Question of Assessing the Effectiveness of Modern Electoral Systems: Legal Framework and Political Practices
Kharitonova L.N., Sterlikov A.V. Development of Federal Relations in the Russian Space of the Post-Soviet Period
Sopov I.A. Political Competence and Political Knowledge as Objective Factors of Political Participation
Melnichuk D.V. Evolution of Administrative-Territorial Management of Ukrainian Lands in the Russian Empire: from Hetmanate to the Governorate System
Petrov E.S. Peculiarities of the Opportunistic Model of Relations Between Regional Executive and Legislative Authorities of the Russian Federation in the Context of New Challenges
Gavrov S.N., Eremkin M.P. Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Political Advertising
Dadaev Z.A. The Role of "New" Media in the Formation of Socio-Political Values of the Russian Youth
Yakhshiyan O.Yu., Soldatenko I.S. Media Memory: Between Soft Power and Mnemonic Conflicts
Belevich P.M. Islamist Movements in the Context of Political Institutionalization: the Dialectic of Ideology, Adaptability and External Factors of Influence
Rodionova M.E., Kuznetsov O.V. Between the Market and the State: Endount Funds as Actors of Political and Economic Processes in the USA (Cases of Harvard, Stanford and International Parallels)
Batygov D.M. Value Imperatives of Regional Ethnocultural Policy in the Conditions of Social Transformation: Experience of the Republic of Ingushetia
Stroykov V.A. The Main Conflict-Causing Factors in the Construction of Ethnopolitical Processes in the Russian Federation at the Present Stage
Cai Jingyu. A Comparative Study of Technological Innovations in the Political and Economic Fields of China and Russia within the Framework of Sustainable Development
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
Panteleimonov D.G. Prerequisites for Creating the Strategic National Priority "Saving the People of Russia and Developing Human Potential" (Part I)
Norov R.R. Technological Innovation as a Means of Increasing Inclusion in Higher Education
Samgurov A.Sh. Agrarian Policy as a Mechanism for Ensuring Food Security: Subject and Functional Features
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Muravykh A.I., Nikitenko E.G., Starodub I.V. Integral World War (Part II)
Danilenko R.A., Sukhovey A.V., Prudnikov K.A., Sagymbayev A.T. The Doctrine of Nuclear Deterrence: a Comparison of the Strategies of the Leading Nuclear Powers
Qiang Chong. Comparison of Similarities and Differences in Digital Diplomacy Strategies Between China, the USA, and Russia
Bakirov E.A. Formation of Russian-Azerbaijani Relations
Wang Liuying. The Strategic Choice of the Countries of the Global South in the Face of Profound Changes Unprecedented in the Last Century
Kazaryan S.I. The Role of Youth and Civil Society in the Implementation of Reconciliation Policy Between Turkey and Armenia
Starostenko K.V., Savinova E.N., Golishevsky M.B. Ethnopolitical Identity as a Factor in the 2024 Parliamentary Elections in North Macedonia (Part II)
Delov V.V. South Caucasus: Soft Power in Georgian-Turkish Relations in the 21st Century
Zhavoronkova E.A. Is the Eastern Mediterranean a New Region or Not? (Analysis Based on the Works of Russian Researchers)
Karavanskiy A.S. The Role of Russia and China in BRICS Association Amid the Rise of a Multipolar World
Matveyeva D.V., Kuzyakin A.G. Digitalization as a Tool of PRC's Soft Power
Leon A.W. The Policy of the Russian Federation Towards Francophone African Countries in 2011-2024
Nikitin N.A. Developing NATO Information and Communication Technologies Capabilities Using for Military-Political Purposes in the Context of International Security
Yatsenko A.S., Maystat M.A. Features of the Use of Electronic and Digital Government Services in Foreign Countries
Petukhova M.V., Shalkova V.A., Bespalov A.V., Mashura S.V. Soviet Diplomacy at the Final Stage of the Great Patriotic War: Formation of the Post-War World Order
Tian Xin. Geopolitical Influence of China-Russia Energy Resource Trade: from “Energy Dependency” to “Energy Security Community”
Filippov V.R. Senegal's 2023 Elections: the Decline of «Francefrique»
Hao Ruijie, Vang Jun, Golyakova V.A., Belkina N.V. Challenges and Countermeasures to Oil and Gas Cooperation Between China and Russia
Elimkhadzhiev R. The Information Confrontation Between the United States and China on the Taiwan Issue: Strategies, Tools, Effectiveness
REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS
Medvedev N.P. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Main Activities. Part Two
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.001
D.A. RAZINKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Philosophy of Politics and Law of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
IDEOLOGICAL-DISCIPLINARY GENESIS OF THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL CULTURE
The problem of this article can be expressed in the following contradiction: on the one hand, there is an obvious high intensity of use of the concept of "political culture" in the near-expert or philistine environment, associated, as Lucien Pai noted, with its apparent intuitiveness; on the other hand, criticism of the concept is no less intense, primarily for its breadth and "umbrella". In this regard, a productive approach to the study of this political science concept is the analysis of the context of the concept's origin, the prerequisites and conditions for its introduction into political and scientific usage, which will be the subject of this article.
Key words: political culture, history of political science, american political science, culturology, Cold War, behavioral approach, positivism, structural functionalism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.002
Yu.V. SOLDATOV Expert of the Center for Applied Research and Programs, Russia, Moscow
ELITE PLURALISM AS A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR ANALYZING THE INTERACTION OF INTEREST GROUPS IN POLYARCHY
The article examines the issue of using the concept of elite pluralism as a theoretical basis for analyzing the interaction of interest groups within a polyarchic regime. The methodology of the work is built on the basis of a combination of elements of structural and comparative analysis. The author comes to the conclusion about the need to adapt the classical model of elite pluralism to the national specifics of specific countries based on the study of their political and economic history and socio-cultural specifics, as well as in order to take into account the corrective influence of scientific and technological development and accompanying transformations in the life of society and the functioning of business structures.
Key words: elite pluralism, concept of functional representation, neo-pluralism, interest groups.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.003
D.E. SLIZOVSKY Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor RUDN named after Patrice Lumumba, author of the monograph "Political Leadership of Rus-Russia: Origins and Contradictions GRAND STRATEGY (GRAND STRATEGY), Moscow, Russia
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on National-State Structure and Interethnic Relations, People's Deputy of Russia (1990-1993), Member of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Council of the USSR (1991) Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 90S. STROKES TOWARDS A POLITICAL PORTRAIT OF B.N. YELTSIN
Quite recently by historical standards, only 35-25 years ago, a fleeting and stormy revolutionary change threw "new" leaders and simply politicians, representatives of various political, ethnic and religious movements not only into the old square, but also onto the surface of the political and social life of a country huge in every sense. To understand the value of that revolutionary (others consider it counter-revolutionary!?) era, we emphasize, perhaps, in our opinion, not only through analysis, but also through its explanation and understanding from the standpoint of not abstraction, but taking into account and comparing the past with the present. Against the background and in the circumstances of the current political moment, where there is room for both optimism and serious dangers for the country's security from the threats of separatism and terrorism; especially for security with the loss of unity and consolidation within society and within the ruling class, there is a need to subject the political history of the turn of the 80-90s to a deeper analysis and understanding. XX century. The article attempts to assess an important historical event in the preparation of the draft of the new Union Treaty in early 1991. During the preparation of the treaty, the interests of the leaders of the USSR and the leadership of the RSFSR on the constitutionality of this document diverged sharply. The main source of this political crisis was the law on changing the subjectivity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in April 1990. This law equalized the status of 20 Autonomous Republics and 15 Union Republics. The problem was that out of 20 autonomous republics of the USSR, 16 autonomies were part of the RSFSR. The further development of this political crisis also affected the personal relations of the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev and the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin. Memories of the Chairman of the Commission of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, N.P. Medvedev.
Key words: M.S. Gorbachev, B.N. Yeltsin, the draft of the new Union Treaty, political conflict, the status of autonomous republics, my working meetings, the memoirs of N.P. Medvedev.
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.004
E.A. SHIYAPOVA Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES AS THE BASIS OF MODERN RUSSIAN POLITICS
The article examines in historical discourse the spiritual and moral values used in Russian state policy, taking into account the national idea and in the light of the relevance of preserving the civilizational identity of the Russian world in the context of modern conflict with Western civilization, and reviews the normative acts of the Russian Federation, which include in their content the semantic attitudes of traditional spiritual and moral values. The article is aimed at defining native Russian spiritual and moral values. The theoretical and methodological basis and information base of the research are scientific publications and materials of various scientists, both foreign and domestic, regulatory and policy documents of the Russian Federation. Methods of systematic, comparative and expert analysis were used in the preparation of the article. The author concludes that traditional universal values such as patriotism and service to the Fatherland, family and children, creative work and creativity, life and dignity of the individual, collectivism and humanism, historical memory and continuity of generations, etc., should be the basis of state policy in Russia and all countries that are ready to build a new one a multipolar world based on the principles of mutual respect. Russian Russian rule-making over the past decade has also identified the rejection of blindly following the vector of neoliberal Western civilization and a change in the state course towards traditional, native Russian spiritual and moral values formulated in the medieval legal document of the Moscow state, Russkaya Pravda. In conclusion, the main directions and tasks that need to be solved by the state apparatus of the Russian Federation for the required semantic content of the existing system of normative legal acts are presented.
Key words: state policy, spiritual and moral values, Western civilization, national idea, Russian civilization, traditional values.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.005
D.A. KOZLOVA Education and methodology specialist of Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University, Expert of the Center “Sochi (Russian-Austrian) Dialogue Secretariat” of the MGIMO MFA of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
E. JUNGER ON THE ROLE OF EAST AND WEST IN THE FORMATION OF A NEW WORLD ORDER
The article is devoted to the political and textual analysis of the “Verdun Speech” delivered by Ernst Jünger in 1979. The author aimed to consider the possibility of applying the methodology of political textology to the German thinker’s works. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to characterize the historical and biographical context of the speech's creation, to analyze the text at the level of the direct word, the rhetorical means and techniques used, a priori assumptions and ideas.
The research is based on such complementary principles and approaches as the principles of scientificity and integrity. In the course of his work, the author turned to a wide range of historical, political and other scientific methods. Among them are political and textual analysis, historical and biographical analysis, comparative analysis, discourse analysis, induction and deduction.
As a result of the research, the author found that the “Verdun Speech” is a source that links both periods of the thinker's work and fits into the general strategy of Jünger's adaptation to the FRG politics. The text is addressed to a conservative-minded intellectuals capable of critically comprehending technological progress. The speech has a familiar construction, it is characterized by dual modality, while the syllable and rate of progression are even. In the text, Junger used different types of argumentation, graphic emphasis and rhetorical means. The author's picture of the world is focused on the past, with the territory of Western Europe acting as the main space for the realization of the text's ideas.
Key words: German history of social and political studies, XX century, the political textology, E. Junger.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.006
S.E. ZASLAVSKY Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Political Science, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
V.A. LUKUSHIN Assistant of the Department of Political Science, Postgraduate Student, Junior Research Fellow of the Center for Political Studies, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
TO THE QUESTION OF ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MODERN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND POLITICAL PRACTICES
The article considers the problem of assessing the effectiveness of modern electoral systems in various countries of the world. By «effectiveness» the authors mean the ability of electoral systems to guarantee the free expression of the will of citizens, to implement the political will of the people. The authors indicate the importance of operationalizing this category for the purpose of further practical use. Based on the analysis of international experience in assessing electoral systems, the crisis state of this institution is declared, expressed in the absence of a relevant, objective and expected methodology for such an assessment, as well as in the massive rejection of sovereign states from the established standards of such an assessment, developed mainly by Western countries and intergovernmental organizations that have previously demonstrated their political bias and exceptional subjectivity. The article highlights the main challenges facing researchers of world electoral systems and electoral experts, as well as promising areas for the development of this area related to the development of new proposals that take into account the current political context, the realities of the digital age, as well as national characteristics while observing the universal principles of democratic expression of the will of citizens.
Key words: electoral systems, electoral process, elections, electoral procedures, election standards, evaluation of the effectiveness of electoral systems, electoral reliability.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.007
L.N. KHARITONOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Lecturer, Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Educational Institution of Trade Unions of Higher Education "Academy of Labor and Social Relations", Moscow, Russia
A.V. STERLIKOV Postgraduate Student, Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Educational Institution of Trade Unions of Higher Education "Academy of Labor and Social Relations", Moscow, Russia
DEVELOPMENT OF FEDERAL RELATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN SPACE OF THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD
The article presents a brief analysis of the development of the theory of federalism in the state organization of Russia in the post-Soviet period. The article examines the positions of modern researchers of federal issues, which note the features of modern Russian state building. The article emphasizes that the discussion of problems regarding the prospects for the development of domestic statehood is debatable. Alternative approaches to the possible organization of the state that existed in the past and are being revived in the present are highlighted. In this context, the understanding of the nature of Russian statehood from the standpoint of theories of civilism and the currently popular in the study of states, uniting large territorial spaces with a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional population, as states-civilizations is highlighted. This approach is widespread in the domestic scientific community. According to the adherents of this theory, the consideration of Russia and its statehood as a civilization will ensure the preservation of statehood in the current territorial expanses, its sovereign existence, despite the globalization processes gravitating towards the unification of the social existence of mankind.
Key words: theory of federalism; dismantling of the Soviet-type statehood, symmetry and asymmetry in the development of federal relations, federal structure of modern Russia, prospects for the development of domestic federalism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.008
I.A. SOPOV Applicant GAOU VO "Komi Republican Academy of Public Administration and Management", Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
POLITICAL COMPETENCE AND POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE AS OBJECTIVE FACTORS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
The article analyzes the transition from objectivity to the reconstruction of situations of political knowledge production. The article states the existence of a crisis of the principle of objectivity, the genesis of objectivity, analyzes the theoretical approaches of the classics of philosophical science (Kant, Hume) who sought to universally substantiate knowledge through a priori principles (Kant) or empirical verification (Hume). "Kant's synthesis" of political knowledge can be considered as objectivity, as compliance with moral and rational norms (categorical imperative). "Humean" skepticism is noted, in which knowledge is considered a product of experience and habit, which undermines the universality of ethics and politics. Scientific revolutions of the 20th century showed the dependence of "objectivity" on paradigms, logical empiricists rejected synthetic a priori judgments, declaring normative statements "meaningless". The article proposes to replace the principle of objectivity with an analysis of the contexts in which political knowledge is created. This includes the study of the external environment, the reconstruction of events. The study of the concepts of political subjects (parties, movements) through their own understanding of reality. The criteria of the truth of knowledge such as effectiveness is the ability of knowledge to predict and explain political processes, relevance as compliance with the goals and values of actors (for example, how environmental movements see a "fair climate policy"). The dual task of political science is to predict and understand the roles of political actors, interpret the motives, values and cultural context of participants in the political process. The polydiscursivity of the study records the integration of descriptive, normative and value elements into a single analytical framework. It is noted that the concept of realism ignores value pluralism and cultural characteristics, and the concept of postpositivism means the rejection of universal rationality, an emphasis is formed on the pluralism of knowledge and the relativity of truth. The legitimacy of politics is not limited to effectiveness – it depends on recognition by actors. The new paradigm of political science is the transition from objectivity to contextuality, the truth in politics is not an absolute, but a product of the interaction of actors in specific conditions. Polydiscursivity as a method of political knowledge means a combination of quantitative methods with interpretive analytics.
Key words: positivism, political knowledge, politics, morality, information, communication.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.009
D.V. MELNICHUK Graduate of the Russian State Humanities University (RSUH), Moscow, Russia
Scientific supervisor:
M.N. GRACHEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Political Science Faculty of International Relations, Political Science and Foreign Regional Studies of the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State Humanities University (RSUH), Moscow, Russia
EVOLUTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT OF UKRAINIAN LANDS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: FROM HETMANATE TO THE GOVERNORATE SYSTEM
The article examines the historical dynamics of territorial and political transformations of Ukrainian lands in the context of their interaction with Eastern and Western powers. The study covers the period from the establishment of Kievan Rus to the collapse of the Russian Empire, with particular emphasis on the Hetmanate era and the subsequent integration of Ukrainian territories into the Russian state. The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the Russian Empire's national policy, the challenges of administrative management of annexed territories, and the formation of state-wide identity. Special attention is paid to the evolution of state policy towards national borderlands and its impact on the development of interethnic relations within the empire. The article explores factors that contributed to the growth of national consciousness and the subsequent collapse of the imperial system.
Key words: Ukraine, Russian Empire, Hetmanate, national policy, territorial transformations, interethnic relations, state governance, national identity, administrative integration, imperial system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.010
E.S. PETROV Post-graduate student of the Faculty of Political Science, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
PECULIARITIES OF THE OPPORTUNISTIC MODEL OF RELATIONS BETWEEN REGIONAL EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW CHALLENGES
The article is devoted to the problem of the effectiveness of models of interaction between regional executive and legislative authorities in modern conditions. The adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 and the subsequent introduction of the system of unified public power allowed to streamline the coordination of state and municipal governance systems and, as a consequence, to increase the efficiency of interaction between the authorities of all levels. After February 2022, foreign policy challenges had a significant impact on the regional level of governance as well. They not only reoriented the country's market to the southern and eastern directions, but also allowed transforming the established logistic models, which could not but affect the regional economic policy. In many respects, the efficiency of implementation is also connected with the format of relations between regional public authorities, which determines the structure of regional public policy. In Russia, we can identify two regions in which public authorities functioned in a state of prolonged political conflict - the Vladimir region and St. Petersburg in the period from 2018 to 2021 in the framework of the so-called opportunistic strategy. These cases are used to analyze regional politics at the level of institutional design and political practices. The specificity of the internal political situation of the subjects under consideration consists in a rather long-standing model of relations due to the confrontation of regional executive and legislative authorities, as well as local self-government bodies. The results of the study confirm the fact that institutionally strong executive power turns out to be not quite effective in choosing an opportunistic strategy of behavior. The analysis identifies the main factors that together affect the formation of the model of interaction between regional public authorities.
Key words: executive power, legislative power, opportunistic model, unified system of public power.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.011
S.N. GAVROV Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Professor of the Department of Mass Communications and Media Business, Financial University, Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-6022
M.P. EREMKIN Student of the Department of Mass Communications and Media Business, Financial University, Moscow, Russia
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN POLITICAL ADVERTISING
With each passing year, artificial intelligence is entering our lives more and more firmly and becoming an integral part of it. We see AI coming to the forefront in many areas of activity, facilitating and automating the work of many businesses. Politics is no exception. Yes, it can't replace diplomats, it can't make decisions instead of officials, but it can empower political advertising specialists. Elections are an integral part of a society's political life. Behind hundreds of candidates are hundreds of political technologists, whose goal is to promote and win by all possible means. Specialists have to work with a large amount of information, with various tools, it is important for them to properly conduct analytical and campaigning work to find the most optimal strategy to win. And in this they can be helped by modern technologies, in particular neural networks. The purpose of our work is to analyze the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in the field of political advertising. We have the task to find and justify the most optimal and effective methods of using AI in the course of an election campaign. At this point in time, this topic is relevant and in demand. Progress in the world of information technology does not stand still and affects many spheres of activity and continues to develop. Many new opportunities are opening up in front of us, which we need to be able to take advantage of and try to make the most of.
Key words: artificial intelligence, political advertising, political technology, elections, politics, neural network, AI, election campaign, campaigning.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.012
Z.A. DADAEV Specialist in the Department of Education, Centralized Islamic religious organization "Muftiate of the Republic of Dagestan", Makhachkala, Russia
THE ROLE OF "NEW" MEDIA IN THE FORMATION OF SOCIO-POLITICAL VALUES OF THE RUSSIAN YOUTH
In this article, the introduction substantiates the relevance of the problem of the influence of new mass media on the formation of socio-political values in the minds of Russian youth. In addition, the introduction outlines the purpose, objectives, hypotheses, and arguments based on various sources of information. In the course of scientific research, a complete and exhaustive description of the new mass media is given, the specific aspects of the media in comparison with traditional ones are revealed, examples are given to prove the arguments expressed, the problem is investigated both from the point of view of modern reality and in the process of its development. The article uses extensive material of scientific articles and statistical information. The method of observation and analysis allowed us to uncover the problem of media influence on young people and show the pros and cons, as well as the scale of the existing influence and its consequences. At the conclusion of the work, conclusions are drawn on the identified problem and promising ways to solve the problem are proposed.New media is one of the most important ways to form the value orientations of young people, which is facilitated by the distinctive features of new media, such as hyperactivity, multimedia, personalization, and the absence of intermediaries between the media and a person. Assessing the role of new media in the socio-political orientations of Russian youth and ways of their formation, based on a wide range of scientific publications, statistical data and Internet materials, the author comes to the conclusion that there are not only positive but also negative aspects that allow us to show the ambiguous nature of this phenomenon in the life of society. This, in turn, requires a differentiated approach based on the information received. Accordingly, representatives of government agencies, public organizations and associations will have to develop a whole range of strategic measures to either prevent or mitigate the negative effects of the influence of new media on Russian youth.
Key words: media, society, politics, values, youth, Russia, spirituality, morality.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.013
O.Yu. YAKHSHIYAN PhD in history, associate professor, Department of Public Administration and Political Technologies, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia
I.S. SOLDATENKO Master's Degree, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia
MEDIA MEMORY: BETWEEN SOFT POWER AND MNEMONIC CONFLICTS
The article examines such a phenomenon as media representation of the past in popular culture. The research focuses on the study of the mass culture of East Asian countries (Korea and Japan). The research methods used were the developments of such approaches as memory studies and media studies. The increasing importance of media representation of the past for the formation of "soft power" is noted. At the same time, the article focuses on the mnemonic conflicts that arise around such works. Conflicts arise due to the inconsistency of narratives promoted in popular culture with official historical narratives. Disputes may also concern the exclusive ownership of certain cultural and historical markers of "soft power." A special phenomenon in the context of media memory is the phenomenon of "cancellation culture", which has intensified against the background of global digitalization. The way out of this situation is to establish an agonistic regime of historical memory.
Key words: media memory, cancellation culture, soft power, historical memory, popular culture.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.014
P.M. BELEVICH Postgraduate student, Department of Political Analysis and Socio-Psychological Processes, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION: THE DIALECTIC OF IDEOLOGY, ADAPTABILITY AND EXTERNAL FACTORS OF INFLUENCE
Islamist movements – in the dialectic of ideology, adaptability and external pressure – operate under structural constraints that determine their trajectories. Political institutionalization does not arise as a linear progression, but as a dynamic interaction between doctrinal recalibration and systemic adaptation. This study examines the mechanisms of the transition of Islamist movements from activism to governance, identifies the conditions that facilitate or hinder their institutionalization – ideological elasticity, strategic adaptation and external intervention act as decisive variables (quantitative parameters of Islamist governance confirm these dependencies). The analysis combines statistical modeling, comparative case studies and social movement theory. Data on election outcomes, rule duration, and ideological shifts provide a basis for assessing political resilience (Islamist parties with ideological flexibility scores >0.75 exhibit long-lasting rule, while rigid formations
Key words: doctrinal recalibration, electoral viability, hybrid governance, strategic co-optation, structural entrenchment, ideological elasticity, political resilience.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.015
M.E. RODIONOVA Candidate of sociological sciences, associate professor, associate professor of the Department of political science of the faculty of social sciences and mass communications, acting executive director of the Endowment Fund of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
O.V. KUZNETSOV Doctor of economic sciences, professor, founder and Chairman of the Fund for the Preservation of the Vasnetsov Cultural Heritage, Moscow, Russia
BETWEEN THE MARKET AND THE STATE: ENDOUNT FUNDS AS ACTORS OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PROCESSES IN THE USA (CASES OF HARVARD, STANFORD AND INTERNATIONAL PARALLELS)
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the endowment funds of leading American universities (including Harvard, Stanford, and others), focusing on their investment strategies, institutional architecture, and their role in ensuring the financial sustainability of higher education institutions. Special attention is given to asset management models, including Asset-Liability Management (ALM) approaches, portfolio allocation across various asset classes (equities, bonds, alternative investments, real estate), and the role of specialized management structures. The article reviews key U.S. regulatory frameworks governing endowment operations, particularly the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA) and its influence on university financial planning.
The study highlights the challenges posed by external political and public pressures on university endowments, including calls to revise investment policies, implement ESG principles, and address social responsibility issues. A comparative analysis of risks associated with high exposure to alternative assets is provided, along with strategic decisions made by universities to maintain long-term returns and liquidity.
The author explores the role of endowment funds not only as financial institutions but also as actors influencing academic autonomy, institutional development strategies, and political independence in the face of contemporary global challenges. The article draws on an extensive array of analytical reports (including NACUBO data, university investment office reports, and international studies), providing a high level of empirical validity and relevance.
Key words: endowment fund, U.S. universities, investment strategy, university autonomy, political pressure, Harvard, Stanford, sustainable development, targeted capital, asset management.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.016
D.M. BATYGOV Applicant for the degree of candidate of political sciences Department of Political Science IMOMI NNSU named after N. I. Lobachevsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
VALUE IMPERATIVES OF REGIONAL ETHNOCULTURAL POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION: EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INGUSHETIA
The article examines regional aspects of the implementation of state policy on the preservation and strengthening of traditional values using the example of the Republic of Ingushetia. The socio-economic and cultural-historical factors determining the specifics of regional identity are analyzed. The features of youth policy in the context of preserving ethnocultural heritage are considered. Priority areas of state national policy aimed at harmonizing interethnic and interfaith relations, strengthening civil unity and overcoming social disparities are identified. It is shown that the multi-ethnic composition of the republic's population contributes to the formation of traditions of good neighborliness and mutual respect. The need for a comprehensive program-targeted approach to solving existing problems is substantiated, taking into account the specifics of the region, which ensures a synergistic effect of various areas of state policy and creates a stable foundation for ethnosocial stability.
Key words: state policy, traditional values, education, youth policy, socio-political processes, spirituality, culture, Republic of Ingushetia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.017
V.A. STROYKOV Expert of «Academic Alliance», Moscow, Russia
THE MAIN CONFLICT-CAUSING FACTORS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNOPOLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE
The current problems of the development of ethnopolitical processes within the framework of Russian society and the state are characterized by problematicity and inconsistency, including in the context of actualized foreign policy risks. In the current Russian socio-political discourse, there are destabilizing trends and tendencies that threaten the stability and sustainability of the constructed ethnopolitical processes. In particular, the demand for the dissemination of historically and culturally determined traditions and values, the harmonization of interethnic and ethnonational relations, the strengthening of control measures in the context of national security, etc. is being actualized. It also seems advisable to develop appropriate measures to positivize the geopolitical positioning of the Russian Federation in modern conditions.
Key words: culture, migration, interethnic relations, ethnocultural conflicts, ethnopolitical process.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.018
CAI JINGYU Ph.D. Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FIELDS OF CHINA AND RUSSIA WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The article is a comparative study of technological innovations in the political and economic systems of China and Russia in the context of sustainable development goals. The IMRAD structure allows for the systematization of the analysis along key directions: an introduction to the problem, research methods, results, and their discussion. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, which is linked to the necessity of balancing environmental, economic, and social priorities in the face of global challenges. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of the state strategies of the two countries, an evaluation of regulatory documents, as well as a study of cases involving the implementation of “green” technologies, the digitization of public administration, and the modernization of industry. The research results demonstrate that China relies on centralized planning, large-scale investments in renewable energy (solar, wind), and the creation of innovation clusters. Russia, on the other hand, combines state programs (for example, in nuclear energy) with market mechanisms, emphasizing regional characteristics and cooperation with international partners. In both countries, the key drivers are the digitization of agriculture, the decarbonization of industry, and the development of infrastructure. The discussion highlights the role of the state as a catalyst for innovation, yet reveals differences: the Chinese model is based on a strict vertical management structure, whereas in Russia the role of the private sector is significant. Special attention is given to social aspects – the readiness of society for change, as well as issues related to personnel shortages. The conclusion justifies the need for hybrid approaches that combine state regulation, market instruments, and international cooperation to achieve sustainable development goals.
Key words: technological innovations, sustainable development, political and economic systems, China and Russia, international cooperation.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.019
D.G. PANTELEIMONOV Master's student, Institute of Law and National Security, RANEPA, Moscow, Russia SPIN-code: 5332-9562
PREREQUISITES FOR CREATING THE STRATEGIC NATIONAL PRIORITY "SAVING THE PEOPLE OF RUSSIA AND DEVELOPING HUMAN POTENTIAL"
PART I
The study analyzes the complex prerequisites for creating the strategic national priority "Preservation of the people of Russia and development of human potential". The social, economic, scientific, technological, cultural, spiritual and moral aspects of Russia's development are considered, which served as prerequisites for changing the vector of state policy, which was expressed in the adoption of the updated National security strategy of the Russian Federation in 2021 and the consolidation in it of the highest national interest and the corresponding strategic national priority in the field of preserving the people and developing human potential. The change in the state approach to solving problems in this area is considered: the main documents of strategic goal-setting are analyzed – the President's addresses to the Federal Assembly preceding the year of adoption of the current national security strategy, as well as the 2024 Address. The importance of human potential development is shown as the basis for the successful development of the state and ensuring its national security.
Key words: national security, preserving the people of Russia, human potential, prerequisites for creating a strategic national priority, public administration, state policy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.020
R.R. NOROV Postgraduate student, Central Russian Institute of Management, Branch of RANEPA, Orel, Russia SPIN-code: 4244-7070 AuthorID: 1163183
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AS A MEANS OF INCREASING INCLUSION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of modern technologies on the creation of an inclusive educational environment in higher education institutions. In the context of globalization and the rapid development of information technology, the issue of inclusion is becoming especially relevant, since it is directly related to ensuring equal access to education for all categories of students, including people with disabilities. The author examines key technological tools and platforms, such as adaptive educational technologies, online courses and virtual reality, which help simplify the learning process and make it accessible to a wide range of students. Research shows that the use of these technologies not only improves the quality of the educational process, but also promotes the social integration of students. The article also analyzes examples of successful implementation of innovative solutions in Russian and foreign universities and their impact on the educational and extracurricular activities of students. Particular attention is paid to the problems faced by educational institutions when implementing these technologies, as well as the development of recommendations for their effective use. The author's main conclusions include the importance of interaction between state educational standards and the use of technological innovations as a key factor in the development of inclusive education, opening up new horizons for increasing the availability and quality of educational services.
Key words: technological innovations, artificial intelligence, inclusion, higher education, inclusion in education, Russia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.021
A.Sh. SAMGUROV Postgraduate student at the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the South Russian Institute of Management, a branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
AGRARIAN POLICY AS A MECHANISM FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY: SUBJECT AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES
The article examines the current political problems of ensuring food security in the context of global counteraction from the countries of the collective West, including bans on food imports and sanctions against the agro-industrial complex of Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the main mechanisms for ensuring food security. The objectives are to identify the main actors in the implementation of agricultural policy and determine their functions. To achieve this goal and solve the research, it required the use of a wide range of methods of political analysis. The article defines that the basic mechanism for ensuring food security is the agrarian policy. Along with the main actor of modern agar policy represented by state and municipal authorities, agricultural producers, associations and associations of agricultural producers, processing enterprises and retail chains, scientific and educational institutions, public organizations, and international organizations have a great influence on the processes of its implementation. The article concludes that effective agricultural policy can only be implemented as a result of constructive interaction between all actors. Nevertheless, state actors play a dominant role, and optimal communication between government, business, and society on food security issues depends on them.
Key words: agrarian policy, food security, political actors, political processes, interaction of government and business.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.022
A.I. MURAVYKH D.Sc. (economics), professor, Department of Public administration and National safety of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
E.G. NIKITENKO Major General, Cand. Sc. (History), professor, Department of Public administration and National safety of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
I.V. STARODUB Colonel, Candidate of Political Sciences, Acting Head of the Department of Public Administration and National Security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
INTEGRAL WORLD WAR
PART II
The article analyzes the self-organization of the world community from the standpoint of a system-synergetic approach. The contradiction between the collective West and the Global East and South is highlighted. The concept of "integral world war" is introduced, its essence and manifestations are revealed. The US policy is aimed at maintaining a unipolar world (world domination) "by force" with an emphasis on the development and application of artificial intelligence technologies that determine the superiority of the United States in the military and economic spheres. Russia and China are at the forefront of the formation of a new world order that meets the agreed interests of the global majority, the crystallization center of which is BRICS. The bifurcation point dividing the directions of building a world order is the outcome of the military conflict in Ukraine. The process of self-organization of mankind has moved into a dangerous zone of increasing risk of a global military catastrophe.
Key words: world war, transnational elite, world contradiction, US policy, artificial intelligence, military conflict in Ukraine.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.023
R.A. DANILENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Military Training Center of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Moscow, Russia
A.V. SUKHOVEY Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Moscow, Russia
K.A. PRUDNIKOV Student of the International Law Institute of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Moscow, Russia
A.T. SAGYMBAYEV Student of the International Law Institute of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Moscow, Russia
THE DOCTRINE OF NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: A COMPARISON OF THE STRATEGIES OF THE LEADING NUCLEAR POWERS
The article analyzes the doctrines of nuclear deterrence of the leading nuclear powers, such as the Russian Federation, the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. The key aspects of deterrence strategies are considered, in particular the principles of the use of nuclear weapons, the conditions of their use, as well as the role of nuclear forces in the overall national security system. Special attention is paid to comparing the approaches of Russia and the United States as traditional leaders in the field of nuclear arsenal. The unique features of China's doctrine, characterized by the concept of minimal deterrence, are analyzed. A historical review of the development of nuclear doctrines has been carried out. Differences in nuclear strategies are investigated, taking into account the geopolitical conditions, historical factors and military priorities of each country. The key contradictions in approaches to deterrence are highlighted and the possible consequences of their implementation for international security are predicted. The author examines the role of international treaties and arms control mechanisms in shaping nuclear deterrence strategies. The growing importance of changes in nuclear doctrines in the context of global stability was noted. Conclusions are drawn about the need to strengthen multilateral dialogue to prevent nuclear conflicts in the context of modern geopolitical challenges.
Key words: nuclear deterrence, nuclear doctrine, international security, Russia, the United States, China, strategic arms, arms control, nuclear nonproliferation, geopolitical stability.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.024
QIANG CHONG Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
COMPARISON OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN DIGITAL DIPLOMACY STRATEGIES BETWEEN CHINA, THE USA, AND RUSSIA
This study is devoted to a comparative analysis of digital diplomacy strategies in China, the USA, and Russia, which is justified by the increasing role of information technology in international relations. The article examines the key areas, approaches, and methods of digital interaction used by the major global actors, with the aim of identifying both common trends and the peculiarities of national strategies.
The introduction justifies the relevance of studying digital diplomacy in view of the globalization of the information space and the growing influence of network communications in achieving foreign policy objectives. The aim of the study is to systematize and comparatively analyze the mechanisms of digital diplomacy used in China, the USA, and Russia, as well as to determine the factors that contribute to their success or failure in the context of modern geopolitical competition.
The methods section describes the main research approaches: comparative policy analysis, case studies, content analysis of official statements and digital platforms, as well as expert interviews with representatives of the diplomatic community. This interdisciplinary approach allowed for covering a wide range of aspects of digital diplomacy, including information security, cyber protection, and the social impact on the international audience.
The results section presents the main differences and similarities in the approaches of the three countries. China emphasizes centralized control of the information flow and the creation of a positive image through state digital channels. The USA focuses on the free dissemination of information and the use of multilateral platforms to promote the values of democracy, while Russia shows a tendency to use digital tools as an element of hybrid warfare and to influence public opinion in partner countries.
The discussion emphasizes that despite the presence of common mechanisms of interaction in the digital space, each country builds its own strategy based on national priorities and foreign policy interests. The findings of the study may serve as a basis for further research on the impact of digital technologies on international diplomacy and for developing recommendations to improve national strategies in the face of the information challenges of the 21st century.
Key words: digital diplomacy, strategies, comparison, similarities, differences.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.025
E.A. BAKIROV Graduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy Institute of International Relations, history and oriental studies Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
FORMATION OF RUSSIAN-AZERBAIJANI RELATIONS
The article examines the stage of formation and development of Russian-Azerbaijani relations. Azerbaijan, as an independent state, practically from scratch begins to form its foreign policy course based on internal geopolitical interests.
Relations between Russia and modern independent Azerbaijan have developed ambiguously. A significant role in this process was played by third countries, which had a growing interest in the Caspian region, as well as the grave consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
One of the main acute issues between Moscow and Baku for many years was the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. But the main thing is that contact between the states was not interrupted even in the most difficult periods of bilateral relations. And it should be noted that it was during this period that a large number of interstate treaties and agreements were signed between Russia and Azerbaijan, which laid the foundation for cooperation to this day. Thus, Moscow and Baku laid a solid foundation for many years of friendly and good-neighborly relations based on equal terms of cooperation.
Key words: Russian Federation, Republic of Azerbaijan, cooperation, international relations, politics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.026
WANG LIUYING PhD in History, Department of Situation and Politics, Henan University of Science and Technology, China
THE STRATEGIC CHOICE OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH IN THE FACE OF PROFOUND CHANGES UNPRECEDENTED IN THE LAST CENTURY
In the context of the systemic transformations that the modern system of world economic and political relations is undergoing, most States have to build new strategies for their development and establish their status in the structure of the new world order. This task is particularly relevant within the framework of a wide range of States belonging to the relatively new category of the "Global South". Their strategic choice determines the dynamics of transformations of the world order today. This determines the relevance of the stated topic and determines the purpose of the study of this article. The purpose of the article is to determine the strategic choice of the countries of the Global South in the context of profound changes taking place over the past century. To achieve it, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks: to determine the foundations of the transformations of the modern world system; to identify the strategic principles of the countries of the Global South implemented in this system. The methodological basis of the article is a complex combining the principles of globalism and neorealism. Their application allowed us to consider the policies of modern states in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the context of global systemic transformations. In accordance with these approaches, the article used methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as structural-diachronic methods and analysis of academic, analytical and regulatory materials. As a result of the research, it was found that modern states of the Global South are forming and developing strategies determined both by rethinking their role in the global system and by unprecedented transformations of the current world order. Today, they are focused on ensuring their development and status in the new international system. At the same time, the processes of consolidating efforts and ensuring the security of this system play an important role.
Key words: Global South, "third world", strategy, world order, international system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.027
S.I. KAZARYAN Postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
THE ROLE OF YOUTH AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECONCILIATION POLICY BETWEEN TURKEY AND ARMENIA
This article examines the role of youth and civil society in the process of normalizing Armenian-Turkish relations. It analyzes the initiatives of young activists and non-governmental organizations that contribute to dialogue and the overcoming of historical prejudices. Special attention is given to practical examples of cultural exchange programs, educational initiatives, joint projects, and civic actions aimed at fostering trust between the two nations. The study demonstrates that youth serve as a key driver of reconciliation, while civil society initiatives create sustainable mechanisms for engagement despite political barriers. The conclusions emphasize the importance of a long-term strategy involving civil society in peacebuilding processes as a foundation for a stable dialogue between Armenia and Turkey.
Key words: Armenian-Turkish relations, reconciliation, civil society, youth initiatives, public diplomacy, international exchanges, cultural cooperation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.028
K.V. STAROSTENKO Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of General and Applied Political Science Oryol State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Oryol, Russia
E.N. SAVINOVA PhD in Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Political Science and Public Policy of the Central Russian Institute of Management – branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Oryol, Russia
M.B. GOLISHEVSKY Postgraduate student of the Central Russian Institute of Management – branch of RANEPA, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration of the Kaluga branch of RANEPA, Kaluga, Russia
ETHNOPOLITICAL IDENTITY AS A FACTOR IN THE 2024 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN NORTH MACEDONIA
(PART II)
The article examines the ethno-political accents of national identity during the parliamentary election campaign in the Republic of North Macedonia in 2024. Political parties are the main exponents of the interests of social groups, and most importantly, the elites of the Republic of Macedonia. The victory of a particular coalition in the elections determines the direction of the republic's national-state building. As a universal ideological basis for national-state building and overcoming inter-ethnic confrontation in the republic, the party coalition that won in 2016 and 2020 chose a foreign policy goal – the accession of the Republic of Macedonia to the European Union, around which a new state identity should be formed. The authors show that, by ignoring the cultural and historical perceptions of Macedonian society about its own essence on this path, the ruling elite has only exacerbated internal contradictions between ethnic groups, without offering a working recipe for harmonizing relations in society.
Key words: nation-state building, national identity, ethnopolitics, political parties, Macedonia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.029
V.V. DELOV PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of History and Theory of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
SOUTH CAUCASUS: SOFT POWER IN GEORGIAN-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
The article is devoted to the study of Georgian-Turkish relations in the South Caucasus, the role of the Republic of Turkey in pursuing its own firm policy, sometimes called neo-Ottomanism. The transformation of Turkey from an empire to a secular republic predetermined the relations of neighbors in this region. Fraternal Azerbaijan, neutral Georgia and complex, for various reasons, relations with Armenia predetermined the balance of power in the South Caucasus. Turkey, trying to build new relations with neighboring countries with the help of the economy and "soft power", made many efforts to try to break Russia's connection with the Caucasus beyond the ridge in an attempt to fully take a leading place in the region without entering into direct confrontation with Russia. And in many ways, this worked out, for example in relations with Georgia, where there are difficulties with the Muslim population of Adjara, problems with the evicted Meskhetian Turks. At the same time, unsettled relations with the Georgian territories that are partially recognized as independent (Abkhazia and South Ossetia) allow Russia to continue to have fairly strong levers of influence on the South Caucasus. In general, we can talk about an attempt to achieve a balance of power in the region through economic and cultural ties, allowing us to believe in the peaceful coexistence of the South Caucasus countries and Turkey.
Key words: Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Turkey, South Caucasus, Republic of Georgia, soft power, neo-Ottomanism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.030
E.A. ZHAVORONKOVA Applicant of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ORCID ID: 0009-0007-8836-873X
IS THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN A NEW REGION OR NOT? (ANALYSIS BASED ON THE WORKS OF RUSSIAN RESEARCHERS)
The article examines the work of some Russian researchers in order to compare how the Eastern Mediterranean is classified. All the works reviewed indicate that the Eastern Mediterranean is becoming a subject, and its importance in the international arena is increasing. Common internal structures are formed, and there are problems "pulling together" countries. The author came to the conclusion that it is possible to separate the Eastern Mediterranean into a particular region in order to solve practical problems.
Key words: Eastern Mediterranean, region, sub-region, security threats, securitization.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.031
A.S. KARAVANSKIY PhD student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia
THE ROLE OF RUSSIA AND CHINA IN BRICS ASSOCIATION AMID THE RISE OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD
The article examines the main aspects of relations between Russia and China within the framework of the BRICS interstate association in the context of the formation of a multipolar world. The role of the two countries in BRICS is defined, and the most promising areas of bilateral Russian-Chinese cooperation are highlighted. These include: promoting a unified stance on issues related to a more just world order based on principles of fairness, non-interference, and mutual interest by intensifying political engagement with developing countries across various international platforms; Reforming the existing financial architecture and advocating for the establishment of a more equitable international financial system.
Expanding cultural and humanitarian ties to address inequalities in healthcare, education, access to new technologies, and other areas. The article concludes that, in the context of strengthening the positions of Russia and China within the new world order, BRICS can be viewed as both a tool and a platform for advancing the ideas of a multipolar world, countering the hegemony of the "collective West."
Key words: BRICS, China, Russia, Russian-Chinese cooperation, multipolar world, new world order.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.032
D.V. MATVEYEVA Master's student, Higher School of International Relations, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
A.G. KUZYAKIN Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor Higher School of International Relations, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
DIGITALIZATION AS A TOOL OF PRC'S SOFT POWER
The modern stage of human development is characterized by the emergence of digital technologies and their significant impact on all spheres of society. Many researchers have studied the formation of the “digital society”, coming to the conclusion that knowledge and information have become the main resource, and a distinctive feature of the current stage of society development is the increase in the number of industries that are connected with the production, storage and transmission of information. Digitalization means digitization of information, application of various digital technologies in different spheres. This process is an important factor in the development of the country, as digitalization improves the efficiency of the work of state bodies, accelerates the development of innovations, in addition, increases the level of education, simplifies the access of citizens to information and services. Successful development of digitalization allows to strengthen the country's influence on the world stage and its competitiveness, so digitalization has become one of the tools of “soft power”. The purpose of this article is to examine the aspects of digitalization of the PRC as one of the tools of “soft power”. In doing so, the following main tasks can be emphasized:
1) Examine J. Nye's classic concept of “soft power” and the specifics of PRC's “soft power” strategy;
2) Identify the theoretical relationship between the concept of soft power and digitalization;
3) Identify the main achievements and challenges of the PRC's international cooperation in digitalization;
4) To outline the role of a major PRC technology company in promoting national “soft power”.
The following methods are used to achieve the set tasks: analysis of the concept of “soft power” and digitalization with Chinese specifics, case study - on the example of the activities of the Chinese technology company Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. which promotes the development of “soft power” of the PRC.
The conclusions of this article are that Chinese scientists have put forward their vision of the concept of “soft power”, and its main feature has become the preservation of China's own values and culture, while digitalization has become one of the tools for conducting foreign policy.
Key words: PRC, «soft power», digitalization, international relations, Huawei.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.033
A.W. LEON Graduate student of the Department of Economics and Management Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia
THE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TOWARDS FRANCOPHONE AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN 2011-2024
This article is about a study of Russia's policy towards francophone African countries in the period from 2011 to 2024, which is very relevant. In recent years, there has been a change in the global balance of power and the emergence of new centers of influence, including African countries. Given the departure of Western countries from traditional approaches to the continent, Russian policy has a significant impact on the stability, security and economic development of the region.
Key words: the development of the African vector in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.034
N.A. NIKITIN Postgraduate Student, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia; Chief Specialist, Department for International Cooperation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
DEVELOPING NATO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CAPABILITIES USING FOR MILITARY-POLITICAL PURPOSES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
The article examines the development of NATO’s capabilities to use information and communication technologies for military-political purposes in the context of international security. The main focus is on two interrelated aspects: the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data into the military strategy of the North Atlantic Alliance, and the evolution of the concept of hybrid wars. The author examines the impact of technological progress, especially in the field of AI, on traditional approaches to military planning and operations. The article emphasizes that NATO is actively introducing AI into intelligence systems, decision-making processes and cybersecurity, which allows the military-political bloc to maintain technological superiority. However, such activities also give rise to new challenges, including ethical and legal issues related to autonomous military systems. In parallel, the phenomenon of hybrid wars is examined, combining military and non-military methods of influence, such as information and psychological operations, cyber attacks and economic pressure. Particular attention is paid to NATO strategic communications and their role in modern information warfare. The author analyzes how the North Atlantic Alliance is adapting to new threats, once again activating the anti-Russian focus of its policy. In conclusion, the article notes that the lack of clear international legal norms governing the use of new technologies in military conflicts creates serious risks for global stability. The author comes to the conclusion that further study of the issues under consideration requires a comprehensive approach, including analysis of specific cases, assessment of the effectiveness of countermeasures, and development of international regulation mechanisms.
Key words: NATO, cybersphere, cybersecurity, ICT, information security, cyberdefense, cyberattack, cyberaggression.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.035
A.S. YATSENKO Student at the Department of Public and Municipal Administration, Faculty of Public and Municipal Administration, IGSU RANHiGS Moscow, Russia
M.A. MAYSTAT Ph.D. (Candidate of Political Sciences), Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science of Institute of History and Policy of Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
FEATURES OF THE USE OF ELECTRONIC AND DIGITAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The digital revolution has ushered in a new era in the work of government agencies around the world. The authors analyze the features of the development of electronic and digital governments in various states. The approaches are considered and the periodization of the process of modernization of public administration systems within the framework of digital transformation is highlighted. It is concluded that, in general, most countries have adopted their own national strategies for the development of electronic and digital government, laws on national information policy, digital data and electronic participation, personal data protection, cybersecurity, and online platforms for working with open government data. At the same time, many states have reached the digital frontier for the transition to a global management system (GovTech) within the framework of the open government concept.
Key words: digitalization, public administration, digital transformation, digital platforms, GovTech.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.036
M.V. PETUKHOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of History and Economic Theory, State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, Moscow, Russia
V.A. SHALKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Economic Theory, Academy of the State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia Moscow, Moscow, Russia
A.V. BESPALOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of History and Economic Theory, Academy of the State Fire Service of the EMERCOM of Russia, Moscow, Russia
S.V. MASHURA Senior lecturer of the Department of History and economic theory Academy of the State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia, Moscow, Russia
SOVIET DIPLOMACY AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: FORMATION OF THE POST-WAR WORLD ORDER
This article explores the diplomatic context of the formation of the post-war world order during the final stage of the Great Patriotic War. The author analyzes the transformation of relations among the allies of the anti-Hitler coalition from the Tehran Conference to the Potsdam Conference, identifying key factors that influenced the establishment of the post-war system of international relations. The study focuses on the fundamental contradiction between the declared principles of post-war cooperation among the great powers and the actual policies driven by geopolitical interests.
The methodological foundation of the work is based on a historical-systemic approach, utilizing comparative analysis of diplomatic documents, memoir sources, and archival materials, including recently declassified documents. The evolution of Soviet diplomatic strategy is examined, influenced by both military successes on the frontlines and the change in U.S. political course following the death of F. Roosevelt. The differences between Roosevelt's concept of the "Grand Design" and the more rigid stance of the Truman administration are analyzed in detail. Special attention is given to the role of "atomic diplomacy" and efforts to use nuclear weapons as a tool of political pressure.
It is established that the pragmatic approach of Soviet diplomacy allowed the USSR to consolidate its geopolitical achievements, despite attempts by Western powers to limit Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. The research demonstrates that, contrary to the common belief about the "division of the world" at the Yalta Conference, the actual post-war boundaries of spheres of influence were primarily determined by the military-political presence of the victorious powers in various regions. The author concludes that the potential for allied cooperation was significantly limited by fundamental geopolitical contradictions and the U.S. desire to leverage its economic advantage and atomic monopoly to assert global leadership, making the Cold War an almost inevitable consequence of the new world order.
Key words: Soviet diplomacy, Great Patriotic War, post-war world order, anti-Hitler coalition, Tehran Conference, Yalta Conference, Potsdam Conference, W. Churchill, atomic diplomacy, international relations, spheres of influence, Cold War.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.037
TIAN XIN Graduate student at Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE OF CHINA-RUSSIA ENERGY RESOURCE TRADE: FROM “ENERGY DEPENDENCY” TO “ENERGY SECURITY COMMUNITY”
This article examines the geopolitical significance of trade relations between China and Russia in the field of energy resources, viewed in the context of the transition from the “energy dependency” paradigm to the formation of an “energy security community.” The study explores factors influencing the transformation of energy cooperation between the two countries, including the development of new infrastructure projects and changes in the structure of the global energy market. The political and economic consequences of expanding energy cooperation for regional and global security are assessed. It is concluded that the interdependence between China and Russia is increasing, as they are key players in the global energy sector, which contributes to strengthening their positions and influence in international relations.
Key words: China-Russia energy resource trade, energy security, geopolitics, infrastructure projects, global energy market, interdependence, regional security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.038
V.R. FILIPPOV Dr.Sc. (History), Center for Sub-Saharan African Studies, Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-0501-8528
SENEGAL'S 2023 ELECTIONS: THE DECLINE OF «FRANCEFRIQUE»
In March 2024, Senegal held presidential elections, which were won by a relatively young opposition candidate, Bassirou Diomey Faye. His opponent, Amadou Ba, a protégé of the country's former president Macky Sall, found himself in a noticeable minority. This event testified to a serious change in the political situation in the country, to the unity of Senegalese youth with the citizens of those states of the Sahel and Central Africa who in recent years have abandoned French tutelage and preferred sovereign development. A convinced pan-Africanist, B.D. Fay, in his political manifesto, proclaimed the main directions for reforming statehood, the economy, the social and military spheres, designed to end Senegal’s neo-colonial dependence on the French Republic. The most radical points of the plan were those related to the reform of monetary policy (abolition of the CFA franc) and the military sphere (liquidation of French military bases in Senegal). The implementation of this plan will mean an end to discriminatory political and economic practices in Senegal, which has always been an area of political, financial and military dominance by France. Faye stated that he intends to rid Senegal of the vestiges of French colonialism. The most important part of his plan was the elimination of the French military base and the future prevention of the presence of foreign armed forces in the country, starting in 2025. His desire to diversify foreign policy, international economic and military cooperation, and the desire to build the country’s foreign policy on the basis of equality and mutual benefit will change the balance of power in the Sahel region. The French political class interpreted the coming to power of B.D. Fay as a “catastrophe.”
Key words: Africa, Senegal, «Françafrique», Central African Republic, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, 2023 elections, Bassirou Faye, Emmanuel Macron.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.039
HAO RUIJIE Master, engineer Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow, Russia
VANG JUN Master, engineer Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, Baku, Azerbaijan
V.A. GOLYAKOVA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chelyabinsk Branch of Military Education Center of Air Force Academy, Chelyabinsk, Russia ORCID № 0000-0002-0456-9603
N.V. BELKINA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Pacific State University, Vladivostok, Russia
CHALLENGES AND COUNTERMEASURES TO OIL AND GAS COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND RUSSIA
The article examines the key problems arising in the field of oil and gas cooperation between China and Russia, and also proposes measures to overcome them. The current state of bilateral relations in the energy sector is analyzed, including issues of Russia's dependence on the Chinese market and potential risks to national security. Particular attention is paid to the economic, political and environmental aspects of cooperation, as well as the impact of international politics on the development of energy projects. In conclusion, recommendations are made for a more balanced and sustainable model of interaction that would take into account the interests of both countries and contribute to the long-term development of the oil and gas sector. In the context of global changes in the energy market, oil and gas cooperation between China and Russia is becoming more and more relevant. However, while there is significant potential for mutually beneficial partnerships, there are significant obstacles that could undermine the stability and effectiveness of this cooperation. One of the main problems is the high degree of Russia's dependence on the Chinese market, which poses risks to the country's economic security. In the face of instability in the international arena, such dependence can lead to Russia's vulnerability to changes in Chinese politics and economy. This highlights the need to diversify export routes and find new markets for Russian energy resources.
In addition, the political aspects of the interaction between the two countries also require careful analysis. Mutual interests and strategic goals may not always coincide, which can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings. It is important to consider that international policies, including sanctions and trade restrictions, can significantly affect the development of energy projects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop mechanisms that will minimize the influence of external factors on bilateral relations.
Key words: oil and gas cooperation, China, Russia, international relations, political sciences, world market.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.040
R. ELIMKHADZHIEV Graduate Student, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
THE INFORMATION CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA ON THE TAIWAN ISSUE: STRATEGIES, TOOLS, EFFECTIVENESS
The article examines the information strategies of the United States and China in the context of the Taiwan issue. The research aims to analyze key tools, methods, and effectiveness of information warfare between the two powers. The research methodology is based on a systematic analysis of official documents, media content, and expert assessments. The paper identifies the main directions of information strategies: the US focuses on promoting ideas of defending democracy and regional security, while China emphasizes the concept of "One China" and historical unity. The research results show that both sides achieve certain success in promoting their narratives, while the effectiveness of strategies varies depending on the target audience and communication channels used. The conclusion highlights the growing role of digital platforms and new media in information warfare, as well as the trend towards intensifying information confrontation in the context of general deterioration in US-China relations.
Key words: information warfare, USA, China, Taiwan, media strategies, international relations, information policy, propaganda, strategic communications, digital diplomacy.
REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.116.4.041
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today", Moscow, Russia
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO): MAIN ACTIVITIES PART TWO
The article, based on an analytical review of publications by Russian and foreign authors in recent years, attempts to comprehensively study the main areas of activity of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Particular attention in the activities of the SCO is paid to the instrument of foreign policy and mutually beneficial cooperation between Russia and China. The author of the article emphasizes the main problems of the development of the international organization and gives forecast characteristics of some aspects of the main areas of cooperation of the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), analytical review of publications, comprehensive study, main areas of activity, instrument of foreign policy, Russia, China.