№ 6 (118), 2025

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Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 15, Issue 6 (118), 2025

CONTENTS

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Popadyuk A.E. The Problem of Civilizational Self-Identification in Russia

Mangasarov P.P. The Institutional Transformation of Russian Party System in the First Quarter of 20th Century

Shiyapova E.A. Spiritual and Moral Values of Russian Civilization in the Conditions of Strategic Instability (Philosophical and Political Aspect)

DOMESTIC HISTORY

Medvedev N.P. My Working Meetings with B.N. Yeltsin. Strokes to the Portrait. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and Parliamentary Commissions

Shvetsova L.N. Participation of Russian Political Parties in the Electoral Processes of the Late 20th Century: a Historical Analysis

Skripnikov P.N. Training and Preparation of Medical Staff in Western Siberian Institutes in the Late 1950s – Early 1990s

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Sukhanova E.I., Amiantov A.A. Public Opinion in the Digital Age: Methodological Challanges

Protasova O.L., Mikhailova Yu.I. Public Observation as a Factor in Ensuring Democratic Nature of Elections in Modern Russia

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Potapov D.V. Trends and Signs of Transit Theory in the Conceptual Foundations of Political Technologies

Kozenyuk V.V. Digital Tools in the Research of Political Elites: Evaluation of Effectiveness and Comparison with Traditional Approaches

Razinkov D.A. Political Culture of the Modern City: Theoretical Foundations

Stomin V.V. Modern Regional Model of State Youth Policy in the City of Moscow: Problems, Strategies, Practices (Part I)

Guan Bowen. The Role of State Cultural Policy in the Development of the Creative Economy: Chinese Experience and Prospects

Drozdova E.V. Inclusion as an Element of Symbolic Policy of the State

Tikhonov Yu.P. Country Communication Regime as a Method of Impacting on Information Sovereignty of State

Virginia Morena Gatto. Rethinking Identity: Italy Between Cultural Tradition and Contemporary Challenges

Afonin D.V. Subjects of the Political Process: Classification and Key Characteristics

Karpova V.V. Large Language Models as a Driver of Global Technological Transformations: a Political Science Analysis Based on the Slava Project

Plotnikov A.I. Intersectoral Social Partnership Policy in the DPR

Popadin A. Bibliographic Analysis of Russian Science on Symbolic Politics

Starodubtsev A.S. Social Media and the Transformation of Public Discourse

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Butylin M.A. Objective Prerequisites for Cooperation Between the Center and the Regions in a Federal State

Kozlov A.V. Structure and Determinants of Human Capital Development in a Regional Context

Matveeva E.S., Norov R.R. Social Order of Society in the Education System: Retrospective and Perspective

Levchatkin V.A. Features of Innovative Processes in the Public Administration Sector in the Context of Digital Transformation

Lesayev A.D. Prospects for the Digital Transformation of the Public Administration System for 2025-2035: the Case of Moscow

Saygushinskaya S.A. Trends in the Development of the Register of Foreign Agents in the Russian Federation and the Dynamics of its Subject Structure

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Surma I.V. Transformation of Russia's Military Policy in the Context of Contemporary Challenges and Threats

Plotnikov V.S., Dubrovina O.V. Energy Policy of the United Arab Emirates: Determining Factors, Principles and Model

Lebedeva M.L. The Constitutional and Legal Nature of the French Regional Space

Gulyaeva E.E., Blokhin I.O. The Balkans as a Region in the European Subsystem of International Relations

Nikitin N.A. Basic Approaches to Defining the Concept of «Cyberspace» in the Context of International Relations – Foreign Experience

Vidiaev G.S. The Threat of Armed Conflicts for Global Food Security: Key Challenges and Risks

Li Yawen, Zhao Shuzhi. «Two Mountains Theory» and Global Forest Governance: a Political Ecology Analysis of China's Forestry Policy

Nikitin K.A. International Terrorism: the Experience of the Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States

Sereda A.Yu. Minilateral Formats of U.S. Military-Political Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Security Architecture

Chen Yuhong. Tenth Anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative: a Look Into the Past and Prospects of the Project

Ayvazyan S.G. Influence of the Russian Federation and the USA Approaches to the Problem of World Order on Russian-American Relations

Romanenko M.V. Concepts and Boundaries of the Russian Arctic Zone

Bobokhonov K.N. Paradiplomacy under Sanctions Pressure: Adaptation Strategy of Russian Regions on the Example of the Republic of Tatarstan

Bychkova N.S. Political Aspects of an International Pandemic Prevention Regime Formation in the Context of COVID-19

Drozhnikova N.V. Experience and Practices of Public Administration of the Theatre Industry in Russia and France: a Comparative Analysis

Dubinkina K.A., Merzhoeva M.Kh. “Fundación Entreculturas” as One of the Leading Non-Governmental Spanish Organizations in Providing Humanitarian Aid in Latin American Countries

Kozyreva M.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Taxies in the Energy Sector as a Tool for Latin American Countries to Regulate Environmental Problems

Lu Zhenzhun. Prospects for Connecting Central Asian Integration and SCO Development

Zhukhovitskiy Ia.V. Role of the Russian Federation in the Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic: International Experience

Ostapchuk O.A. Fundamentals of China's Territorial Claims: Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan

Wang Yuqi. China's Response to the Future Political Crisis in Kyrgyzstan: a Forecast Analysis

Trubitsin K.A. Israeli Private Military Companies: Transformation of State Force and the Logic of Security Outsourcing

Cheprov K.E. The Main Approaches to the Study of the Problem of Terrorism in Domestic and Foreign Science

Zhang Yixuan. Integration of the Belt, Road Initiative in the Greater Eurasian Space

Chen Haiwen. Prospects for the Development of Cooperation in Science and Higher Education Between Vietnam and Russia

Shakhmin N.V. Prospects for Eurasian Integration in the Context of a New World Order

Virginia Morena Gatto. Russian Soft Power: Strategies, Tools, and Global Implications

Shishov G.O. EAEU Development Scenarios in the Conditions of Multipolarity

Tsybakov D.L., Shtetsberg A.M. The "Soft Power" of Russia and China as a Part of Humanitarian Policy: a Comparative Analysis of Tools, Assessments, and Results

Iaremchuk I.V. The Future of Employment: Challenges and EU Responses to Automation in the Age of AI

Wang Yuqi. The Role of Kyrgyzstan in the National Security of the People's Republic of China: Resource and Energy Aspects

Karakhanyan A.A. Cooperation Between Russia and China within the Framework of the SCO

Leng Xiaotian. Analysis of Negative Factors Affecting China-India Relations

Federico Paparatto. Russia's Strategic Presence in Southeast Asia: Interests, Implementation Mechanisms and Regional Consequences

Smolkova K.D. Migration Diplomacy as a Foreign Policy Instrument in Contemporary International Relations

Chen Si Li. The Rise of Women's Political Leadership: Case Studies from China

Yan Rong. The Process of Economic Integration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the Post-Pandemic Period

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.001

A.E. POPADYUK Postgraduate student of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF CIVILIZATIONAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION IN RUSSIA

The article examines the problem of civilizational self-identification in Russia within the framework of interpreting the concept of "civilization" as universal or universal. The main stages of the formation of the civilizational approach are studied within the framework of the scientific works of Danilevsky N.Ya., Spengler O., Toynbee A.J.

The article presents various approaches to identity issues. The political aspect of civilizational identity is touched upon. The role of basic traditional values in the formation of political identity is considered.

Key words: Civilization, civilizational approach, Danilevsky N.Ya., civilizational identity, civilizational self-identification, basic traditional values, logic of meaning.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.002

P.P. MANGASAROV Postgraduate student at the Department of Political Science and Ethnic Policy of South-Russian Institute of Management – branch of RANEPA under President of Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN PARTY SYSTEM IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 20th CENTURY

The multi-party system was formed in Russian Empire, in 1905. But it was completely transformed in the single-party system of Soviet State at the end of the first quarter of 20th century. The purpose of this work is to discover the main stages of transformation of the Russian Imperial multi-party system into the one-party system of Soviet Russia. The scientific work includes three tasks: an analysis of the State Duma and the Constituent Assembly election results; a study of policy of the Cadets and Esers to discover reasons the Cadets and Esers have lost political competition to Bolsheviks; an analysis of results of the First Revolution, February Revolution and October coup. The work applies these scientific methods: historical analysis, classification, synthesis, comparative analysis. This scientific article represents these results and conclusions: after February Revolution, Russian multi-party system has become more left because the parties of Black Hundreds were banned and the «Union of October 17» was self-disbanded in Russia; after October coup, Russian party system has become even more left because Cadets, Right Esers, Popular Socialists and the right wing of Mensheviks party found themselves outside the political spectrum of Soviet Russia; Cadets lost the political competition to Bolsheviks because they pursued the very inconsistent policy; in 1917, Russian multi-party system was transformed into the two-party system, which was led by Bolsheviks and Left Esers; in 1918, the crisis of two-party system started in RSFSR, when Left Esers resigned from Soviet Government; at the beginning of 1920s, RKP(B), which has already been ruling party, has become the only one party in RSFSR.

Key words: State Duma, Bolsheviks, the Constituent Assembly, the Cadets, Esers, the Black Hundreds, a party system, Octobrists, the Soviets.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.046

E.A. SHIYAPOVA Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES OF RUSSIAN CIVILIZATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF STRATEGIC INSTABILITY (PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL ASPECT)

The article examines the role of spiritual and moral values of Russian civilization in the context of modern geopolitical challenges and strategic instability. The article analyzes the historical, philosophical and political aspects of the formation and preservation of traditional values, their influence on national identity and the stability of society. Particular attention is paid to the issues of confronting external ideological threats, as well as the prospects for strengthening the spiritual sovereignty of Russia.

Key words: spiritual and moral values, Russian civilization, strategic instability, national identity, ideological security.

DOMESTIC HISTORY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.003

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Chairman of the Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation on National and State Structure and Interethnic Relations, People's Deputy of Russia (1990-1993), Moscow, Russia

MY WORKING MEETINGS WITH B.N. YELTSIN. STROKES TO THE PORTRAIT. PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME SOVIET OF THE RSFSR AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONS

The theme and subject of this material is an appeal to the period of the final part of perestroika, to 1990-1991. Through the prism of not only personal experiences, but also in readiness now taking into account my experience, modern changes in the life of the country, makes it possible to analyze the nature of the all-encompassing conflict. And how the state machine of the RSFSR worked in it in the structures of the highest power, creating a renewed Russia – the Russian Federation. There is great sense in this and there are grounds and reasons for this. The analysis of common problems, processes and phenomena is supported by examples of specific meetings with the leader of Russia of those years B.N. Yeltsin. The dramaturgy of the processes, even the drama of the situation was not far-fetched. This was the environment of the need to make personal most responsible decisions in the context of the introduction of the main and fundamental documents that laid the legal foundations of modern Russia. In addition, an assessment is given to the status of the People's Deputy of Russia, member of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Russia. The basic grounds for the analysis are the memoirs of the Chairman of the Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on the national and state structure and interethnic relations N.P. Medvedev (1990-1993) on the role and place of the Chairman of the parliamentary commission in the structure of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. The main conclusion of the analysis is that despite the enormous difficulties in preparing the legislative framework for the most pressing problems in Russia in the sphere of interethnic relations, only today is the significance of these acts in the settlement of interethnic conflicts in the territory of the former USSR and the current Russian Federation becoming clear and understandable.

Key words: B.N. Yeltsin, the Parliamentary Commission on National-State Structure and Interethnic Relations, the status of the Chairman of the Parliamentary Commission, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, intra-parliamentary political conflict, settlement of interethnic conflicts, my working meetings with the first President of Russia Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, memoirs of the Chairman of the Parliamentary Commission N.P. Medvedev.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.004

L.N. SHVETSOVA Senior Lecturer at the Department of Fundamental Legal and Social Sciences and Humanities, Moscow University "Synergy", Moscow, Russia

PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIAN POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESSES OF THE LATE 20TH CENTURY: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

This article examines the evolution of the electoral policies of Russian parties in the 1990s. Based on an analysis of electoral campaigns and their outcomes, it traces the transformation of Russia's party-political landscape from extreme fragmentation in the early 1990s to relative consolidation by the end of the decade. Special attention is given to changes in electoral legislation and their impact on the formation of the party system. Key electoral cycles of 1993, 1995, and 1999 are considered, highlighting their characteristics and significance for the country’s further political development. The phenomenon of ideological depolarization of the political space and the strengthening of the administrative factor in electoral processes by the end of the decade are analyzed. The study relies on an interdisciplinary approach, combining methods from political history, political science, and electoral sociology, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the emergence of Russian multipartyism in the context of the development of the electoral system.

Key words: electoral policy, political parties, electoral campaigns, parliamentary elections, Russian party system, electoral legislation, electoral behavior, State Duma, multiparty system, political transformation of the 1990s, NPSR, administrative resource.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.005

P.N. SKRIPNIKOV Postgraduate student (graduate) of pulpit of Russian history, Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia

TRAINING AND PREPARATION OF MEDICAL STAFF IN WESTERN SIBERIAN INSTITUTES IN THE LATE 1950S – EARLY 1990S

The article reflects the process of training and preparation of medical personnel in medical higher educational institutions of Western Siberia based on documents from the State Archives of Kuzbass, the State Archives of Novosibirsk Oblast, the State Archives of Altai Krai and the Center for Documentation of Modern History of Tomsk Oblast. The article analyzes the methodological guidelines for teachers of the Altai Institute, compiled by Professor I.I. Neimark and Associate Professor V.M. Timoshnikov, and the report of the head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Tomsk Institute, Professor E.M. Dumenova. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that despite the existing difficulties, the administration of universities paid special attention to issues of academic performance and academic discipline of students, and the teaching staff of universities in Western Siberia successfully solved complex and responsible tasks to improve professional training for medical personnel in an important economic region of the country.

Key words: higher medical school, medical staff, educational process.

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.006

E.I. SUKHANOVA Student of the Master's program in the field of «Sociology of the Public Sphere and Digital Analytics» at the National Research University «Higher School of Economics»; Assistant to the Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Youth Policy, Moscow, Russia

A.A. AMIANTOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Municipal Management RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

PUBLIC OPINION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLANGES

The study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of public opinion in the context of its transformation under the influence of the digital media environment, as well as taking into account modern communication practices. The evolution of the conceptual understanding of public opinion from the ancient philosophical tradition to modern sociological theories, including the approaches of P. Bourdieu, J. Habermas, E. Noelle-Neumann, P. Champagne and other researchers are considered. Particular attention is paid to rethinking the role of media technologies in the processes of formation and transmission of public attitudes, as well as changes in the subjective characteristics of public opinion in the context of digitalization.

New media have become one of the key levers of influence on public consciousness. In this regard, the impact of such changes on the structure and dynamics of the phenomenon is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the prospects for further study of public opinion in the context of growing algorithmization of the media space and the strengthening of the role of artificial intelligence in managing flows. Special emphasis is placed on the problematic of the methodological crisis in measuring public sentiments, associated with the complication of the information landscape and the increase in the speed of content circulation.

Key words: public opinion, digital communication, political media, methodology of political sociology, informational influence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.007

O.L. PROTASOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law”, Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia

Yu.I. MIKHAILOVA Postgraduate student of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law”, Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia

PUBLIC OBSERVATION AS A FACTOR IN ENSURING DEMOCRATIC NATURE OF ELECTIONS IN MODERN RUSSIA

The object of the study is the institution of public observers, which in modern Russia has become an integral attribute of elections at any level – from grassroots to central. The subject of the study is the goals, principles and expected results of public observers' activity in the political realities of today. The main forms of electoral observation - party, international, various organisations of public control – are highlighted. The assessments and prospects of the work of the Independent Public Monitoring (IPM) organisation are presented. The role of public observation in ensuring fairness and transparency of the course and results of elections, as well as in combating unfair, deliberately false, fake information aimed at discrediting both Russian elections as such and state institutions of the Russian Federation as a whole is shown. It is concluded that public observation becomes a significant factor not only in guaranteeing the democratic nature of elections in the Russian Federation, but also a tool for involving citizens in political processes and, consequently, for the development of civil society.

Key words: elections, electoral processes, public observation, political parties, democracy.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.008

D.V. POTAPOV Рostgraduate, Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

TRENDS AND SIGNS OF TRANSIT THEORY IN THE CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL TECHNOLOGIES

The theory of transit has undergone significant changes since its inception in the 70s and 80s of the last century. The purpose of the article was to identify the trends and characteristics of transit. The objectives of the study were to consider the trends of transit, highlight its characteristics in the context of changes in political technologies in recent years. The methods of the study were analysis and synthesis. The results showed that modern experience, problems, and priorities determine new political technologies. The conclusion of the article: any political technologies, even if they do not correspond to the desires of the majority of the population, are a set of ways to increase the effectiveness of the political process in achieving the desired political results.

Key words: political technologies, transit, signs of transit.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.012

V.V. KOZENYUK Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics, South-Russian Institute of Management of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1767-2140

DIGITAL TOOLS IN THE RESEARCH OF POLITICAL ELITES: EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS AND COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL APPROACHES

Introducion. Modern studies of political elites are faced with the need to adapt the methodological apparatus to the digital transformation of society. The relevance of the work is due to the growing influence of digital tools on political processes and the lack of comprehensive methods for their integration into traditional elite studies. The author highlights the gap between classical approaches (structural and functional analysis, biographical methods) and the opportunities offered by Big Data, machine learning, and network analytics.

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to develop an algorithm for integrating digital tools (using the example of web scraping) into the study of the political elite, which improves data accuracy, automates routine tasks and identifies hidden patterns of power. The work is aimed at overcoming the limitations of traditional methods by synthesizing qualitative analysis with big data processing technologies.

Methods. The research was carried out using an interdisciplinary methodology. Methods of system and comparative analysis, neural network technologies for writing software code in the Python programming language, and web scraping technologies in Python and R.

Results. The legal, technical, and ethical limitations of using web scraping technology are outlined, and a step-by-step algorithm for automated data collection using Python and R is proposed, taking into account existing limitations in the framework of research activities.

Conclusions. The integration of digital tools significantly expands the possibilities of studying political elites, providing multidimensional analysis and forecasting of power dynamics. Key advantages: data processing speed, identification of latent connections, minimization of subjectivity. However, risks associated with data ethics and algorithmic distortions remain. The author recommends developing interdisciplinary collaborations and standardizing protocols for working with digital sources.

Key words: political elite, digital tools.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.009

D.A. RAZINKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Philosophy of Politics and Law of the Faculty of Philosophy Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE MODERN CITY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

Traditional studies of political culture are usually devoted to identifying the political and cultural characteristics of populations across regions, nation-states, or global regions. Thus, the exemplary "canon" of such studies includes the studies of Almond and Verba among 5 national states, a comparative analysis of the regions of Italy by Robert Putnam, as well as cultural studies by Inglehart or Huntington – an individual city rarely becomes the object of application of a political and cultural concept. At the same time, urban studies as a complex of disciplines, the object of which is the city, is a well-developed and even mainstream field in modern social sciences. The application of a political and cultural approach to the analysis of urban life seems promising due to its interactivity, the possibility of analyzing both structural-institutional and cultural-behavioral factors that are elaborated in detail with modern urbanism.

Key words: history of political science, cultural studies, structural functionalism, anthropology, urban studies, urban politics, urban political culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.011

V.V. STOMIN Postgraduate student, Department of National and Federal Relations, Institute of Public Administration and Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia SPIN-код: 5711-0819 AuthorID: 1288872 ORCID: 0009-0007-0972-7280

MODERN REGIONAL MODEL OF STATE YOUTH POLICY IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW: PROBLEMS, STRATEGIES, PRACTICES (PART I)

This study examines the current state and level of development of youth policy conducted in the city of Moscow. As part of the work, the "social portrait" of modern Moscow youth was analyzed in order to identify the main goals and needs of young people. The fundamental basis of this study was a comparison of the youth policy conducted in the capital, aimed at the development and formation of the young generation, with the needs of young people. The basis of modern youth policy is the assistance of government bodies and government agencies in the implementation of youth initiatives aimed at the development of our state. That is why this study emphasizes the importance of working with modern youth in order to strengthen the state. The study was carried out using general scientific methodological (logical) techniques (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), economic and statistical methods (comparison, grouping, graphical method), private scientific methods (sociological and statistical), private legal methods (comparative legal, method of interpreting legal norms).

Key words: youth, youth policy, youth parliamentarism, politics, youth initiative, government bodies, education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.013

GUAN BOWEN Postgraduate, Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in the Humanities (Faculty) Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF STATE CULTURAL POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CREATIVE ECONOMY: CHINESE EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS

Amid the rapid integration of the digital economy and globalization, China has developed a unique paradigm for creative economy development tailored to its local characteristics. This model is grounded in a three-dimensional political structure of "technology-institution-ecology." This study examines the evolutionary stages of China’s cultural policy since the beginning of the new millennium, drawing on representative cases such as the digital transformation of museums and the globally popular online game Genshin Impact. These examples elucidate the driving mechanisms of cultural policy in advancing the creative economy. However, imbalances in uneven regional development and challenges faced by small and micro-enterprises during the transformation process continue to constrain the optimization and modernization of the creative economy ecosystem. Based on this analysis, the study proposes the establishment of a hierarchical and gradient policy support system, alongside other innovative reform directions. This work offers novel and practical Chinese insights for the global governance of the creative economy.

Key words: cultural policy, creative economy, China, intellectual property, development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.014

E.V. DROZDOVA Senior Lecturer, Oryol State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Oryol, Russia

INCLUSION AS AN ELEMENT OF SYMBOLIC POLICY OF THE STATE

The purpose of the article is to consider inclusion as an important element of the symbolic policy of the state aimed at creating public harmony and improving the social climate. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing challenges of modern society, including social inequality, marginalization of certain groups of citizens and the need to integrate all members of society into the process of civil life. The author analyzes the concept of inclusion, focusing on its role in shaping a positive image of the state as a socially oriented institution. It also examines how favorable inclusive policies help create social norms and values that help reduce stereotypes and bias.

The methodology for studying the topic involves the use of a wide range of approaches that take into account both theoretical and practical aspects of this phenomenon. The methodological analysis reveals the possibility of clarifying the features of the development of the concept of inclusion in different historical periods. The statistical method of inclusion data reveals the level of participation of different groups in the socio-economic life of society. The comparative legal method helps to compare international inclusion practices in different countries, as well as to study how different states have adapted inclusive measures depending on their cultural, economic and political contexts. This will allow not only to more deeply understand the essence of inclusion, but also to identify its significance in the context of the modern state and society. Such an approach will create a basis for the implementation of more effective and comprehensive inclusive policies that promote social harmony and sustainable development. The article includes an overview of international experience and examples of successful inclusion practices in various countries, and also considers possible mechanisms for implementing such policies at the state level. In addition, the challenges that states face in the process of implementing inclusive initiatives are discussed, such as lack of resources, political will and the need to respect human rights. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that inclusion should be considered not only as a political strategy, but also as a necessary component of the sustainable development of society, promoting social justice and harmony.

Key words: inclusion, symbolic policy of the state, Russia, development prospects, historical features of development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.021

Yu.P. TIKHONOV Lecturer of Department of Foreign Regional Studies and International Cooperation of Faculty of International Regional Studies and Regional Management, Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia SPIN: 9430-5665 ORCID: 0000-0001-7438-9053

COUNTRY COMMUNICATION REGIME AS A METHOD OF IMPACTING ON INFORMATION SOVEREIGNTY OF STATE

The article is devoted to the pressing issue of regulating the information space by states. The question of state sovereignty in the information space (information sovereignty) is a subject of discussion within scientific and political communities due to the lack of a standardized comprehensive approach to its defining characteristics, prioritized aspects, and the degree of state regulation it entails. The author aims to analyze the country communication regime as a potential tool for regulating information sovereignty. Based on comprehensive analysis methodology of the country communication regime and the realist approach in international relations and the theory of securitization, the author examines both the parameters of the country communication regime that may align with the notions of a sovereign state in the information space, and those that lead to risks of losing control over the information space and sovereignty. The author concludes that there is a correlation between the perception of information sovereignty and the necessary parameters of the communication regime according to specific national interests, which represent either existential domestic political issues or are directly linked to the state's role on the international stage. Consequently, the states face the task of finding the necessary optimum that would satisfy state interests, ensure stability and the required degree of autonomy, while also mitigating negative external influences.

Key words: communication regime, influence, national interests, information security, information sovereignty, world order, foreign affairs.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.029

VIRGINIA MORENA GATTO Master’s degree in International Security UNINT University, Rome, Italy https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5020-8173

RETHINKING IDENTITY: ITALY BETWEEN CULTURAL TRADITION AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

In recent decades, Italy has experienced deep transformations in its cultural and political identity. This article explores how traditional elements of Italian self-perception – such as Catholicism, family, homeland, and patriotism – have been reinterpreted in the context of the rise of populist and national-conservative movements. The study focuses on the political project of the Brothers of Italy party and its leader Giorgia Meloni, who has skillfully incorporated these elements into a powerful narrative centered on protecting "Italianness," defending traditional values, and restoring social order. Using a historical and discursive approach, the article examines the evolution of Italian right-wing ideology and compares it to broader European dynamics. Particular attention is given to the symbolic and strategic role of female leadership and how Meloni has reshaped the image of the radical right by combining respectability with cultural appeal. The article argues that contemporary Italian identity is being constructed at the intersection of historical narratives and new forms of political mobilization, where security, belonging, and exclusion play central roles. Ultimately, national identity emerges not only as a reflection of Italy’s cultural past, but as a flexible political instrument used to legitimize specific ideologies and electoral strategies in a rapidly evolving European context.

Key words: cultural identity, Italian nationalism, conservative narratives, traditional values, integration, European context, political discourse.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.015

D.V. AFONIN Postgraduate student, assistant of the Faculty of the Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

SUBJECTS OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS: CLASSIFICATION AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS

The political process at the agent level is a sequence of interactions among its subjects. Existing classifications of political process subjects reflect a significant diversity of types, yet they possess certain analytical limitations. This paper presents an instrumentally novel classification of political process subjects, which overcomes these limitations and offers a more detailed analytical framework. Within the logic of the developed three-level conceptual model of the political process (agentive, constitutive, and meta-political levels), four types of political process subjects are identified: state actors (legitimate institutions of power), socio-political actors (political parties and non-profit organizations), corporate actors (business structures, the military, religious organizations, etc.), and social actors (unorganized masses). The characteristic patterns of interaction between political process subjects and the balance of authority among them in a stable political system – where state actors play a leading role – are analyzed. The paper also demonstrates, using practical examples, how an imbalance in the distribution of governance functions leads to the delegitimization and destabilization of the political process. It concludes by emphasizing the critical importance of maintaining balanced relations among subjects and ensuring the support of state actors by social actors for the stability of the political system.

Key words: subjects of the political process, political process, stability of the political system, state power, political system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.016

V.V. KARPOVA Graduate student, Department of Public Policy Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS AS A DRIVER OF GLOBAL TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS: A POLITICAL SCIENCE ANALYSIS BASED ON THE SLAVA PROJECT

Amid the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and global digitalization, large language models (LLMs) are increasingly functioning not only as tools for text generation but also as actors in political socialization. This article presents an analysis of SLAVA – the first domestic benchmark developed to assess the ideological neutrality of LLMs based on content from the humanities. Through the integration of frame analysis, semantic monitoring, and a provocation scale, the study demonstrates the potential for diagnosing ideological shifts in model behavior and introduces the concept of worldview sovereignty. The applied relevance of SLAVA is substantiated in the domains of education, public administration, and civil society. The article concludes by underscoring the necessity of the normative institutionalization of such tools as integral components of AI-related humanitarian expertise.

Key words: digital transformation, global technological shifts, artificial intelligence, large language models, political socialization, SLAVA benchmark, cognitive influence operations, digital sovereignty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.018

A.I. PLOTNIKOV Postgraduate student, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia SPIN code: 6521-1475

INTERSECTORAL SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP POLICY IN THE DPR

This article examines the policy of intersectoral social partnership in the Donetsk People's Republic, with an emphasis on its integration into broader trends characteristic of Russia. The study covers key social issues in the region, including access to medicine, unemployment, and the environment. He also emphasizes the importance of social capital and legislative regulation for successful cooperation between government, commercial and non-profit sectors. Materials and methods. The research material was data on intersectoral social partnership in the republic, including an analysis of legislation and social initiatives, and an integrated approach was used as a method, which includes studying the mechanisms of interaction between sectors and evaluating their effectiveness. The results of the study confirmed that intersectoral social partnership is a key mechanism for solving social problems and increasing the availability of services through effective interaction between government agencies. Thus, in order to effectively solve problems, it is necessary to introduce new initiatives and establish a unified system of interaction, which will significantly improve the quality of partnership. Such measures will be a key step towards sustainable development and promote the formation of an active civil society in the region. In conclusion, effective cooperation between government, business structures and non-profit organizations will create the basis for sustainable development and improvement of the quality of life, including the formation of a legal framework, support for social initiatives and open communication.

Key words: intersectoral interaction, social partnership, non-profit sector, assistance, interaction, cooperation, society.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.020

A. POPADIN Postgraduate student of the Political Analysis Department of the Faculty of Public Administration of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia SPIN-code: 5210-9086 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8870-5480

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE ON SYMBOLIC POLITICS

The article presents an analytical overview of contemporary Russian academic research on symbolic politics. The relevance of the topic is highlighted in the context of the escalating geopolitical crisis and the growing role of symbolic forms in public politics. The study employs a combined methodological approach, integrating expert evaluation and scientometric analysis. Based on publications from the Scientific Electronic Library (eLIBRARY) and the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), the article identifies key research areas: memory politics, identity, and symbolic governance. The interdisciplinary nature of the field and the increasing scholarly interest – especially in digital methods – are emphasized. Leading research institutions and academic journals have been identified. Particular attention is paid to categories such as «digital memory», «fear», «visual image» of leadership, and «information sovereignty». The findings reflect the current state of the research field and outline analytical resources for further study of symbolic politics as a vital governance tool in crisis times.

Key words: symbolic politics, political science, bibliographic analysis, bibliometrics, politics of memory, identity, interdisciplinarity, russian science citation index, science electronic library, political discourse.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.022

A.S. STARODUBTSEV Postgraduate student, School of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE

The article addresses changes in public discourse resulting from the widespread adoption of social media. It aims to examine the information and communication features of social media that enable them to effectively influence mass audiences. The main objectives of the study are to conceptually differentiate between the notions of «digital platforms», «social networks», and «social media», as well as to identify the key mechanisms through which social media transform public discourse. These mechanisms include the use of interactive formats, the institutionalization of ritualized forms of user interaction, and the algorithmic segregation of audiences into information filter bubbles. It is demonstrated that the combined effect of these mechanisms leads to increased polarization and heightened risks of escalating social and political conflicts.

Key words: social media, digital platforms, social networks, public discourse, information and communication approach, interactivity, ritualization, filter bubbles, polarization.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.023

M.A. BUTYLIN Graduate student of the Department of Political Science at Kazan (Volga) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

OBJECTIVE PREREQUISITES FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN THE CENTER AND THE REGIONS IN A FEDERAL STATE

The article examines the interdependence between regional and central authorities in a federal state. The author considers such aspects of interaction as tax and financial policy, solving electoral problems, supporting and using innovative and innovative management methods, as well as legislative activity as evidence of mutually beneficial cooperation between the two levels of government, which is necessary for the successful functioning of a federal state.

Key words: federalism, cooperation, levels of government, region, subject of the federation, interdependence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.025

A.V. KOZLOV Postgraduate student, Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, Moscow, Russia

STRUCTURE AND DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT

This article examines the structure and determinants of human capital development within a regional context. It analyzes theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence of human capital, as presented in classical and contemporary scholarly works. The main structural components of human capital are identified and characterized – educational, health-preserving, cultural, creative, and motivational. Key factors influencing the formation and development of human capital at the regional level are determined, including the institutional environment, healthcare system, environmental conditions, and labor mobility. The necessity of a comprehensive approach to human capital development, taking into account regional specifics, is substantiated. The study demonstrates that in modern conditions, the significance of the creative and cultural components of human capital as factors of innovative territorial development is increasing. The conclusion is drawn that an effective regional policy in the field of human capital development should consider the interrelationship of all its structural elements and the diversity of influencing determinants.

Key words: human capital, regional development, educational component, health capital, cultural capital, creativity, motivational factors, institutional environment, environmental factors, labor mobility.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.026

E.S. MATVEEVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Central Russian Institute of Management, Branch of RANEPA, Oryol, Russia SPIN code: 7250-3654 AuthorID: 661705 ORCID 0000-0001-6683-6466

R.R. NOROV Postgraduate student, Central Russian Institute of Management, Branch of RANEPA, Oryol, Russia SPIN-code: 4244-7070 AuthorID: 1163183

SOCIAL ORDER OF SOCIETY IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM: RETROSPECTIVE AND PERSPECTIVE

The article is devoted to a detailed examination of the nature of the social order of society to the Russian education system and the historical stages during which this social order underwent significant changes. The article analyzes the functions of the education system, one of which is to meet the growing and changing needs of the individual, society and the state. In turn, it is the individual, society and the state, according to many scientists, that are the direct subjects of the social order to the education system. The personal component is expressed in personal ambitions and aspirations for a social ideal – the formation of an educated, literate person who adequately assesses reality.

In this work, the authors used a comprehensive methodological approach to analyze the social order of society in the education system, covering both retrospective and prospective aspects. The historical method made it possible to identify the evolution of the social order in the educational sphere, considering the main cultural and social transactions. The analysis is supplemented by sociological methods, which provided an understanding of the current needs and expectations of various groups of society. A prospective analysis will allow us to formalize conclusions about the necessary changes in the educational system aimed at satisfying the social order and meeting modern challenges.

The state implements various strategic programs, defines a list of goals and objectives of the education system in the country. In turn, the social component is expressed in the attitude to education of certain social groups, in particular, families, parents, teachers, education managers, representatives of public organizations and students themselves, that is, the entire circle of people with certain interests in the field of education development. The article highlights several periods during which the social order for the education system developed along with the development of society, and also adapted to new political and economic trends. At the same time, the author of the article also assessed its prospects in the current Russian educational space. Undoubtedly, the social order for the domestic education system reflects the spiritual and moral, socio-economic, scientific and practical and political needs of both the state and a huge circle of people, including primarily parents of students, teachers, as well as society as a whole.

Key words: education, society, development, need, retrospective, perspective, social order, stage, educational space.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.027

V.A. LEVCHATKIN Graduate student of the Autonomous Non-Commercial Organization of Higher Education "Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy", Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF INNOVATIVE PROCESSES IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Digital transformation is radically changing approaches to public administration all over the world. The introduction of innovative technologies and processes in the public sector is aimed at increasing the efficiency, transparency and quality of services provided to citizens. Currently, the features of innovative processes in the public administration sector in the context of digital transformation consist in the implementation of e-government projects and digital public services, such as the creation of unified portals of public services, the introduction of the "single window" principle for interaction between citizens and the government, the development of mobile applications for access to public services. The object of the study is the public administration sector in the context of digital transformation. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive study of the features of innovative processes in the public administration sector in the context of digital transformation. Research methods – when writing this article, the author used the following methods of scientific knowledge: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, scientific abstraction, grouping and classification. Scientific novelty – during the research it was established that Digital transformation of public administration is a continuous process that requires not only technological innovations, but also changes in organizational culture, approaches to management and interaction with citizens. Successful implementation of innovative processes in the public sector contributes to increased management efficiency, economic growth and improved quality of life of citizens.

Key words: public administration, innovation, Digitalization, digital transformation, interaction of citizens with the state, development of mobile applications, access to government services.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.028

A.D. LESAYEV Postgraduate student of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

PROSPECTS FOR THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM FOR 2025-2035: THE CASE OF MOSCOW

This article analyzes the evolution of the state strategy for the development of the digital sphere in Russia (using the example of the city of Moscow), focusing on the transition from the National Program "Digital Economy" to the digital transformation paradigm "Data Economy", which is actually being implemented at the time of 2025. The study examines the reasons for this transition, identifying the factors that led to a change in priorities and accents of public policy. The analysis is based on a comparison of the targets, implementation mechanisms, and resource allocation of both programs, based on official documents, statistics, and expert assessments. Special attention is paid to the role of technological progress, the evolution of understanding of the role of data as a key factor of competitiveness. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the advantages and disadvantages of the new strategic orientation, as well as the prospects for further development of digital transformation in the context of global trends. The work is of interest to specialists in the field of public administration, economic policy, information technology and digital development.

Key words: digital transformation, national program, digital solutions and projects, public administration system, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.030

S.A. SAYGUSHINSKAYA Postgraduate student at the Department of Public Policy of the Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0004-9018-4436 SPIN-code: 1117-3440

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGISTER OF FOREIGN AGENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE DYNAMICS OF ITS SUBJECT STRUCTURE

The Register of Foreign agents in Russia appeared in 2012. Initially, it included only non-profit organizations that receive funding from abroad and engage in political activities. Over the years, the list has expanded to include mass media, individuals, and unregistered public associations. At the same time, the signs of a foreign agent and the list of their types of activities have changed. The Register of Foreign Agents was created to ensure the openness and transparency of the activities of foreign agents in order to inform the Russian public about the possible influence of specific individuals on the internal affairs of Russia. The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation has the authority to maintain the register of foreign agents, while other public authorities, such as Roskomnadzor, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, and the Tax service, also participate in ensuring state control. The article provides a statistical analysis of the register of foreign agents and provides justification for quantitative fluctuations.

Key words: foreign agents, non-profit organizations, media, registry.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.032

I.V. SURMA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Head of the Department of the National Association for International Information Security, Associate Professor of the Department of International and National Security of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; professor of the Academy of Military Sciences, Moscow, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND THREATS

The article examines the key directions of transformation in the modern military policy of the Russian Federation amid fundamental changes in the geopolitical landscape. The current security challenges facing Russia are presented, and a comprehensive approach to analyzing the state's response measures is proposed. The article analyzes the principal threats to the security of the Russian Federation, including: NATO expansion (the alliance's incorporation of 16 new members, including Finland and Sweden, and the buildup of military infrastructure near Russia's borders); the conflict in Ukraine and substantial Western military aid to Kyiv; hybrid threats (information warfare and subversive activities by foreign intelligence services); the militarization of the Arctic (increased NATO presence in the region, deployment of missile defense systems, and threats to demilitarized zones); as well as the development of new military technologies (hypersonic weapons, drones, and the militarization of space and cyberspace). Special emphasis is placed on the need for adaptation of the Russian Federation's military strategy to new realities, including the militarization of space and the Arctic region.

The study explores adaptation measures in response to the evolving global security landscape, arguing that Russia’s military policy – focused on deterring external threats, safeguarding sovereignty, and ensuring strategic balance – should integrate both coercive and diplomatic means amid the shifting geopolitical reality, while remaining responsive to the dynamic international environment.

Key words: State military policy, International relations, NATO, Hybrid warfare, Cybersecurity, Diplomacy, Advanced technologies, Strategic deterrence, Arctic region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.033

V.S. PLOTNIKOV PhD in Social Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Customs Siberian State Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia

O.V. DUBROVINA Doctor of Political Sciences, Full Professor, Professor of the Political Science and Political Management Department, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

ENERGY POLICY OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: DETERMINING FACTORS, PRINCIPLES AND MODEL

In the 21st century, states are faced with the need to search for new types of energy resources and form models of energy policy. This is due to the fact that the energy sector has a huge impact on the development of the world in general, its regions and states. A lot of attention is paid to this issue in the UAE. The state acts as an integrative and multidimensional development process, and this is its peculiarity, and the study of the main factors influencing the development of the country, the principles and the model of the UAE's state energy policy is very relevant.

This article is devoted to the problem of energy policy formation in the United Arab Emirates. The purpose of the article is to show, using the example of the UAE, the strategy and the need to form an energy policy, building its model, taking into account the energy situation in the world.

The article analyzes the main factors determining the UAE's energy policy, principles and model of the policy.

Key words: United Arab Emirates, Middle East, The Persian Gulf countries, energy policy, the energy policy model, hydrocarbon raw materials, renewable energy sources (RES).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.034

M.L. LEBEDEVA PhD in politics, associate professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil and Criminal Law and Procedure, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Theory of State and Law and International Law Autonomous non-profit organization of higher education «Moscow International University», Moscow, Russia

THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL NATURE OF THE FRENCH REGIONAL SPACE

The presented article is a work from the scientific research conceived by the author, dedicated to the constitutional and legal foundations of the organization of French regionalism. The author defines the chronological period of the study – the political regional development of France of the V Republic, the period of evolution of the organization of power technologies of political communities of the subntional level.

The purpose of writing the article is to highlight the constitutional and legal mechanisms that have been implemented in France as a result of the reforms carried out since 1958. The goal set by the author determined the tasks of the scientific research: to consider the constitutional aspects of the stages of reforming the political and territorial organization of the French Republic, to highlight the trends in changing the constitutional and legal nature of the French state, as well as the features of regionalism in unitary states (using France as an example). The object of the study is the territorial units of unitary France, the levels (centers) of public authority: central (state), regional and municipal.

In the process of work, the author used the following methods of modern science: a systems method that allows you to reveal the topic of the study in the totality of its constituent elements; the method of content analysis of normative legal acts of the French Republic, Russian and foreign political and legal studies in the field of regionalism of a theoretical and practical nature; a specific historical method, which is necessary for the author from the point of view of studying the issue of identifying and characterizing the stages of building the constitutional foundations of the political and territorial structure of France. The author also uses a comparative method, which allows to correlate the specifics and levels of functioning of regionalism of unitary and federal forms of organization of territorial authority.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the expediency of systematizing scientific approaches to characterizing the stages of constitutional reform of the statehood of modern France, clarifying the content of constitutional and legal technologies that appeared as a result of the reforms of the French state. The theoretical and practical significance of the issues under study seems important for the subject field of political regionalism, comparative political science, constitutional and municipal law of foreign countries, history and theory of state and municipal administration, the world political process, which is justified by the possibility of deepening the content of the subject of scientific knowledge due to the emergence of new research solutions.

Expected results and conclusions. The author proceeds from the hypothesis that the model of regional policy of modern France is a model of organization of regional political process. The modern political process is characterized by the presence of a contradiction between the urgent need for systemic conceptualization of methods and technologies of regulation of relations «center-regions», and the obvious insufficient development of a wide range of theoretical and methodological problems. The solution of the named problem will allow a more reasoned approach to the introduction of adjustments to the political regulation of power relations at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

Key words: reform, power, regionalism, unitarism, federalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.035

E.E. GULYAEVA PhD (Law. Sci.), Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

I.O. BLOKHIN Master's student of the Faculty of International Relations of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE BALKANS AS A REGION IN THE EUROPEAN SUBSYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

This article reveals the position of the Balkans as a special region within the European subsystem of international relations with an emphasis on relations with the EU as a key regional actor. Since the processes taking place in the Balkans are connected with pan-European ones, the problem of the position of the Balkan Peninsula in the European coordinate system seems relevant. The purpose of this study is to determine the place of the Balkans as a region in the modern European system of international relations. The research methods are multidimensional comparative analysis, deductive analysis. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion was formulated that within the region under consideration, the Western Balkans retain the most signs of a separate subregional system.

Key words: Balkans, Western Balkans, cultural identity, regional subsystem, regional security complex, subordinate system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.036

N.A. NIKITIN Postgraduate Student, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia; Chief Specialist, Department for International Cooperation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1401-1726

BASIC APPROACHES TO DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF «CYBERSPACE» IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article considers key approaches to defining the concept of «cyberspace» in the context of international relations. The article identifies the main approaches of foreign researchers to defining the concept of «cyberspace» and considers the features of the doctrinal formulation of the concept of «cyberspace» in the regulatory documents of the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany, NATO. The purpose of the study is to identify and reveal the features of the approaches of researchers and actors of international relations to defining the concept of «cyberspace». This is necessary to identify the influence of the features of approaches to defining cyberspace on the modern system of international relations. Cyberspace, being one of the key areas of the modern system of international relations and world politics, has a significant impact on international security, economics and politics. However, the lack of a common understanding of its essence among researchers, states and international organizations leads to discrepancies in legal regulation, the formation of cybersecurity strategies and the development of norms of behavior in the digital environment. These differences create the basis for conflicts, complicate international cooperation and form new challenges to global stability. Result. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that at the present stage cyberspace is considered as a fundamentally new (in the historical framework) dimension of human activity. Geopolitical confrontation in cyberspace is no longer ephemeral, but quite real, and the doctrinal formulation of the term «cyberspace» in official regulatory documents is extremely important.

Key words: cyberspace, cybersecurity, ICT, information security, cyberdefense, cyberattack, cyberaggression.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.017

G.S. VIDIAEV Postgraduate student at the Eastern Institute – School of Regional and International Studies at the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

THE THREAT OF ARMED CONFLICTS FOR GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY: KEY CHALLENGES AND RISKS

The article examines the devastating impact of armed conflicts on global food security, highlighting their multifaceted consequences – from the destruction of agricultural systems to the destabilization of international markets. Case studies from Syria, Yemen, Ukraine, and other regions demonstrate that wars reduce grain production by 20-60%, degrade 40% of arable land, and trigger humanitarian disasters. In 2022 alone, 193 million people across 53 countries faced acute hunger, with 60% of these cases linked to conflicts.

Key Findings:

1. Economic Destabilization: In conflict zones, inflation reaches 25%, and GDP declines by 70%, rendering food unaffordable for 40-60% of the population.

2. Disruption of Global Supply Chains: Blockades of ports (e.g., in the Black Sea) drove up global grain prices by 23%, severely impacting food-importing countries (e.g., Egypt, Lebanon), where households spend up to 60% of their income on food.

3. Humanitarian Crises: 45% of deaths among children under five in conflict-affected areas are linked to malnutrition. In Yemen, 55% of the population requires food assistance, while in Sudan, the figure stands at 37%.

The author proposes strategies to mitigate the crisis, including establishing humanitarian corridors, investing in agricultural technologies, creating UN-backed grain reserves, and enhancing coordination among international organizations. The article emphasizes that sustainable solutions require not only emergency aid but also preventive measures, such as peaceful conflict resolution and the protection of civilian infrastructure.

Key words: Food security, armed conflicts, humanitarian crises, agriculture, international trade, famine.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.037

LI YAWEN PhD of the Faculty of Global Processes at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ZHAO SHUZHI Masters student of the Institute of Environmental Engineering of RUDN, Moscow, Russia

«TWO MOUNTAINS THEORY» AND GLOBAL FOREST GOVERNANCE: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY ANALYSIS OF CHINA'S FORESTRY POLICY

The research background of this paper lies in examining how China's forestry policy responds to international environmental politics and domestic demands for ecological civilization amidst the tensions between globalization and localization. This study addresses two key questions: How does China's forestry policy balance the ecological value of «lucid waters and lush mountains» with the economic objectives of «mountains of gold and silver»? What are its theoretical innovations and mechanisms for international interaction? The methodology employs a political ecology lens, integrating theories of international relations (global environmental governance) and forestry science (sustainable management). The conclusion is that China, through the «Two Mountains Theory», has reconceptualized the multifunctional cognition of forests, thereby providing a Chinese approach that synergizes development and ecology for global forest governance.

Key words: Two Mountains Theory, forest governance, political ecology, public participation, ecological civilization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.039

K.A. NIKITIN Graduate student, North-West Institute of Management, branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg, Russia

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of international terrorism as a complex phenomenon that emerges at the intersection of various factors, including political, religious, socio-economic, and information technology. The paper will explore the historical and geopolitical factors that have led to the emergence of transnational terrorism, examine the role of individual states in supporting terrorist organizations, and analyze the mechanisms by which radical ideas are disseminated, including through cyberspace and media. The study revealed that international terrorism is a complex system that combines ideological pressure, religious extremism, criminal activity, and technological threats. Cyberterrorism, the newest form of violence, is given special attention due to its high potential for destruction and lack of accountability. The lack of an internationally agreed-upon definition of «international terrorism» presents a significant challenge to legal regulation and international cooperation.

The findings of the study emphasize the need for an integrated approach to interstate cooperation, based on common legal principles and coordinated efforts. The role of regional organizations, such as the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in institutionalizing the fight against terrorism through model legislation, the establishment of an Anti-Terrorist Center, and other coordination mechanisms, is highlighted. Countering terrorism is identified as a top priority in global security policy.

Key words: international terrorism, cyberterrorism, information technology, global security, geopolitical confrontation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.040

A.Yu. SEREDA Graduate student, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

MINILATERAL FORMATS OF U.S. MILITARY-POLITICAL COOPERATION IN THE INDO-PACIFIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURE

The article examines the minilateral formats of US military-political cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region as a key component of the transforming regional security architecture. In the context of strategic rivalry with China, a shift in American foreign policy practice has been revealed from the conclusion of formalized multilateral alliances in favor of creating flexible non-traditional associations with a limited number of participants. The minilateral mechanisms function as institutional superstructures of the existing system of traditional bilateral alliances, forming a network of interrelated mechanisms, contributing to the strengthening of the regional security architecture without the need for a formal collective agreement. Such structures provide a high degree of manageability, institutional adaptability, and the ability to focus efforts on priority areas, including strategic deterrence, advanced technology development, and countering cyber threats. The limitations of traditional theories of alliances in explaining new forms of international cooperation are emphasized, which necessitates a revision of the theoretical and methodological foundations for studying modern military-political formats in the Indo-Pacific Region (IPR). It is concluded that minilateralism is becoming one of the basic tools for implementing the long-term strategy of the United States to strengthen regional leadership in a changing balance of power.

Key words: minilateralism, Indo-Pacific region, military-political cooperation, regional security architecture, USA.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.041

CHEN YUHONG Postgraduate student, Faculty of International Relations, Saint Petersburg State University, China

TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: A LOOK INTO THE PAST AND PROSPECTS OF THE PROJECT

In 2013, the Chinese initiative "One Belt, One Road" was launched, the main goal of which is to ensure active and mutually beneficial socio-economic cooperation in the region and the world. In 2023, this initiative turned 10 years old, which allows us to consider the specifics of the results achieved during this time and hypothesize about the future of the Belt and Road. This project plays a key role in China's foreign policy strategy of the 21st century, and therefore its research is an urgent task for modern science. The object of this study is China's foreign policy. The subject of the study is the Belt and Road Initiative. The author pays special attention to such aspects as: the construction of infrastructure necessary for the economic development of the participating countries of the initiative, the creation of mechanisms for trade and investment cooperation, as well as measures in the field of media and education. This approach allows us to characterize the implementation of this global initiative, whose projects have a complex impact on the future of the global economy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the international activities of the initiative during the period under review. To achieve this goal, a problem-chronological method was used, which allows us to consider specific areas of measures taken during 2013-2023. The scientific novelty of this study lies in making assumptions about the directions of further development of the Belt and Road: In particular, based on the conducted research, it is argued that the 21st Century Digital Silk Road project will be more widely developed in the coming years due to China's achievements in the field of innovation and the needs of the modern economy.

Key words: Belt and Road, politics, China, economy, international cooperation, investments, infrastructure.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.031

S.G. AYVAZYAN Manager, Trinity Way DMCC Co., Moscow, Russia

INFLUENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE USA APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF WORLD ORDER ON RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS

The article examines the impact of the Russian Federation and the United States' approaches to the problem of world order on Russian-American relations. Directly opposite approaches of the Russian Federation and the United States to the problem of world order have a negative impact on Russian-American relations. Russia promotes the idea of a multipolar world in which developing countries have influence according to their growing share in the world economy, which entails a reduction in the influence of the United States. At the same time, the United States advocates maintaining a unipolar world with the United States at the helm and preserving the dollar's status as the world reserve currency and international means of payment. As a result, relations between Russia and the United States are in deep crisis, and the states themselves view each other as geopolitical opponents.

Key words: USA, Russia, Russian-American relations, D. Trump, US foreign policy, Russian foreign policy, BRICS, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.042

M.V. ROMANENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Processes Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CONCEPTS AND BOUNDARIES OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC ZONE

The process of forming the borders of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation took a long period. And there are still disputed territories, the right to which Russia has yet to prove. Due to the increasing importance of the Arctic and its resource potential, a struggle has begun between states for the right to explore them. Another important aspect of the Arctic borders involves issues of national security of the state. Therefore, securing the Russian borders of the Arctic is a strategic national priority of Russia. This article examines the concept of "territory", the specifics of the legal regime of the Arctic, the history of exploration and development of the Arctic region, and modern geopolitical problems of Arctic exploration. The article shows the path of adoption of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and its role for Russia. The difficulties of expanding the Russian exclusive economic zone and its importance for Russia's role in the world are outlined.

Key words: Arctic region, state territory, Arctic development, Arctic states, international law, sovereignty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.019

K.N. BOBOKHONOV Postgraduate, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

PARADIPLOMACY UNDER SANCTIONS PRESSURE: ADAPTATION STRATEGY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

The purpose of this study is to identify the mechanisms of adaptation of Russian regions' paradiplomatic strategies to external constraints, using the Republic of Tatarstan as a case study under sanctions pressure. For the first time, the research provides a comprehensive systematization of institutional, economic, financial, and technological aspects of the transformation of subnational actors' foreign policy activities in the new geopolitical reality. By integrating neo-institutional theory, the concept of multi-level governance, and adaptive management theory, the study identifies models of adaptive paradiplomacy, determines factors for the successful adjustment of regional foreign policy activity, and outlines promising directions for the development of international cooperation. Particular attention is paid to the cooperation between the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan as a representative example of multi-vector paradiplomacy. The study highlights the growing importance of subnational actors in creating alternative channels of international interaction for Russia amidst the transformation of the global order.

Key words: paradiplomacy of Russian regions, sanctions pressure on Russia, Republic of Tatarstan in foreign policy, international cooperation between Tatarstan and Uzbekistan, adaptive paradiplomatic strategies, subnational actors in international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.043

N.S. BYCHKOVA Specialist in educational and methodical work Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL ASPECTS OF AN INTERNATIONAL PANDEMIC PREVENTION REGIME FORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19

The article is devoted to the process of elaboration of an international treaty on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, initiated in 2021 under the influence of COVID-19. The purpose of the article is to identify promising areas for intensifying the interstate dialogue to increase preparedness for future pandemic challenges. The analysis of sources and scientific literature on the topic of the article was chosen as the method of achieving this goal. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the need to form an international pandemic prevention regime is recognized by the majority of States. However, given the undermined trust between countries, including through the manifestation of "nationalism" during the global epidemic of COVID-19, states are not ready to sacrifice their freedom of action to conclude a binding international agreement. In addition, the issue of the responsibility of pharmaceutical companies, which significantly influence international relations in the field of healthcare, remains open.

Key words: treaty on the prevention of pandemics, international regime for the prevention of pandemics, World Health Organization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.044

N.V. DROZHNIKOVA Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in Culture and Sports Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in the Humanities (Faculty) of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE THEATRE INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA AND FRANCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The article presents a historical and comparative analysis of models and mechanisms of state regulation in the sphere of theatrical art in Russia and France. Evolutionary changes in the state management institutions responsible for supporting theatre in Russia and France are considered, with special attention paid to socio-political transformations in these countries and the formation of mass cultural preferences. The main methods of state regulation of theatre activity are outlined, including changes in the models of financial support of the theatre industry and the formation of the institute of public expertise. The article is of interest to specialists in the field of public administration of the theatre industry.

Key words: public administration, theatre industry, institute of public expertise, structure of cultural environment, ideological control, socio-political transformation, power.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.047

K.A. DUBINKINA PhD in Political Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of World Politics, Senior Researcher at the School of Public Administration, Moscow State Lomonosov University, Moscow, Russia

M.Kh. MERZHOEVA Master of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

“FUNDACIÓN ENTRECULTURAS” AS ONE OF THE LEADING NON-GOVERNMENTAL SPANISH ORGANIZATIONS IN PROVIDING HUMANITARIAN AID IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

The article analyzes Spanish non-governmental organization «Fundación Entreculturas» which provides humanitarian aid in the following Latin American countries – Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Brazil. The authors emphasize that Spanish non-governmental organizations are aimed at extending influence and creating positive image of Spain in Latin America as Ibero-America is the priority of Spanish foreign policy. Besides, Spain intends to become a key player in relations between the European Union and Latin American countries. The authors study the humanitarian projects implemented by «Fundación Entreculturas» in 2014-2020 after the earthquakes in Ecuador and Mexico and natural disasters in Peru as well as the projects in Mexico regarding the construction of shelters and provision of legal assistance to the migrants. The authors conclude that «Fundación Entreculturas» provides broad humanitarian aid to the people suffering from emergencies and forced migration and also implements the projects aimed at providing quality health care, protecting human rights and realizing educational projects in Latin American countries.

Key words: international non-governmental organizations, «Fundación Entreculturas», Spanish non-governmental organizations, Ibero-America, Latin America, humanitarian aid.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.049

M.S. KOZYREVA Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia SPIN code: 1558-7600

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TAXIES IN THE ENERGY SECTOR AS A TOOL FOR LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES TO REGULATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Economic development cannot be achieved without certain damage in other areas. Most human economic activity entails damage to the environment, affecting the development of the global environmental problem. Given the primary role of economic activity in the development of this threat, it is the introduction of special economic measures that can become an effective way to contain it. At the same time, taxes are an important tool for states seeking to ensure a larger volume of reasonably predictable income, achieve its redistribution and provide citizens with infrastructure and social guarantees. Due to the close relationship between nature management and state economic strategy, the use of tax instruments to change the behavior of private sector entities in order to protect the environment and fill the budget seems to be an obvious way to regulate these issues. Latin America also relies on this approach, developing a number of measures and specific efforts in this matter over the past decade. However, despite the variety of available instruments and many ways of their application, the problem of a relatively low rate, as well as its variability in different countries of the region, still remains. The most developed area of \u200b\u200bthe application of "green" taxes is the energy sector. The study examines the fiscal approaches of Mexico, Colombia and Chile in the energy sector to curb environmental problems. An analysis of Latin American countries located in different subregions showed that environmental taxes in the energy sector are extremely small and have low elasticity to price fluctuations in domestic markets, i.e. they are not able to fully ensure their environmental protection function.

Key words: ecology, sustainable development, Latin America, taxes, energy, environment.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.050

LU ZHENZHUN Postgraduate student, Department of Political Science of the East, Lomonosov Moscow State University, China

Academic supervisor:

N.S. Kuleshova Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

PROSPECTS FOR CONNECTING CENTRAL ASIAN INTEGRATION AND SCO DEVELOPMENT

The Central Asian region includes several states; this study examines five former Soviet republics: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and the process of forming their collective identity within the framework of international co-operation mechanisms. Since the 1990s, these countries have consistently developed the process of regional integration - from the signing of the Treaty on the Common Economic Space (1994) to the establishment of the Consultative Meetings of the Heads of State of Central Asia (2018). After a long period of searching for a suitable development path, the countries have reached a consensus: stimulating the development of regional cooperation and integration relations is a key factor in raising their status in the hierarchy of international relations.

The study comprehensively analyses three aspects of the states' activities: the dynamics of the number, substantive characteristics and strategic value of the five states' proposals and projects within the SCO through quantitative data analysis and textual study of documents. These five states have gradually transformed from the role of "follower of a power's decision" into new international players with regional influence in the international system.

The SCO, being one of the important international organisations with CA participation, played a role in the process of integration development of the region. This article will examine whether the directions of future development of the SCO and the CA states are in line with each other.

Key words: Central Asian region, integration, SCO, SCO declarations and statements, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.051

Ia.V. ZHUKHOVITSKIY Graduate student, Faculty of Global Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the world in 2020 was one of the greatest shocks to the international system in recent history. The pandemic not only became a public health crisis, but also affected global trade and international cooperation, giving it the potential to widen cracks in the international system or accelerate trends in power shifts. The Russian Federation's international response to the pandemic was primarily aimed at increasing its power and status on the world stage.

The purpose of this article is to examine the state's ability to use events in the international system to advance national interests.

Objectives of the article: to consider the experience of the Russian Federation in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the significance of this experience for international relations.

The methodological basis is represented by the methods of systematization, selection, analysis and evaluation of scientific material and the comparative method.

Conclusions: According to the results of the conducted research it is concluded that all responses of the Russian Federation correspond to one or more of its national interests.

Key words: COVID-19, pandemic, international relations, international cooperation, coronavirus, soft power.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.052

O.A. OSTAPCHUK Postgraduate student at the Department of Geopolitics (Chair of Global Studies) Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

FUNDAMENTALS OF CHINA'S TERRITORIAL CLAIMS: HONG KONG, MACAU, TAIWAN

Introduction. The purpose of this work is to analyze historical, political, and legal approaches to recognizing the territorial claims of the People's Republic of China against non-sovereign entities such as Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. The key focus of the work is on considering China's possible actions through the prism of the emerging multipolar world order, military-political and economic contradictions with the United States.

Methods. This study uses comparative historical analysis, regulatory analysis, synthesis, and abstraction.

Results. The study found that Hong Kong and Macao, which are special autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China, have Basic Laws compatible with the laws of the People's Republic of China, and the unification of China is declared by adopted international agreements in force since 1997 and 1999. Taiwan faces significant ideological, cultural, economic, and social difficulties that stood in the way of unification with China. Resolving the issue of Taiwan's entry into China by peaceful means is looking increasingly problematic, which is determined by the growing contradictions between states in the South China Sea region.

Conclusions. The modern political course of the PRC is aimed at uniting China. In many ways, the issue of Taiwan's integration into China depends on the success of the "One Country, two systems" concept in Hong Kong and Macau. But the growing contradictions between China and the United States do not contribute to a peaceful settlement of the issue of unification of the Chinese people, which leads to a possible open armed conflict in Southeast Asia, which could change the political status of the unrecognized territories and accelerate the process of their official unification with mainland China.

Key words: special autonomous region, concept, historical reason, political process, economic and legal aspect, multipolar world, military and political situation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.053

WANG YUQI Postgraduate student, Faculty of World Politics Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CHINA'S RESPONSE TO THE FUTURE POLITICAL CRISIS IN KYRGYZSTAN: A FORECAST ANALYSIS

This article summarizes China's response to Kyrgyzstan's three revolutions after its independence and the contact between the two countries in the early stages after the establishment of the new government in Kyrgyzstan. The article also provides a predictive analysis of China’s response to a future political crisis in Kyrgyzstan, taking into account the expansion of China’s cooperation with Kyrgyzstan and the possibility of a political crisis in Kyrgyzstan.

Key words: China, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia, Belt and Road, Kyrgyz Revolution, National Security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.054

K.A. TRUBITSIN Postgraduate student, Department of History and Politics of Russia Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

ISRAELI PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES: TRANSFORMATION OF STATE FORCE AND THE LOGIC OF SECURITY OUTSOURCING

In the context of conflict transformation and shift in the threat vector from state to non-state sources, the study of the phenomenon of private military companies (PMCs) is of particular relevance. The article is devoted to the analysis of Israeli experience in the use of PMCs in conflict zones and occupied territories. The main emphasis is placed on the institutional and political-legal aspects related to the outsourcing of military force and security in the zones of the Palestinian-Israeli confrontation. The work reveals the mechanisms of functioning of Israeli PMCs, their participation in ensuring the protection of settlements, checkpoints, as well as in operations outside Israel. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the Israeli model of using PMCs and analyze the consequences of their activities for the political landscape and regional security. The methodology is based on a qualitative content analysis of regulatory legal acts, materials of non-governmental organizations, as well as a comparative political science approach. The conclusion emphasizes that the growing influence of PMCs in Israel reflects broader trends in the global security market and further calls into question the state's monopoly on the use of violence.

Key words: private military companies, PMCs, PMSCs, Israel, security, outsourcing of force, occupied territories, control, Palestinian-Israeli conflict, political and legal analysis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.055

K.E. CHEPROV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science of the East Faculty of Global Processes Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN SCIENCE

The issue of terrorism in modern realities is an extremely important area of scientific research around the world. This fact is related to the fact that terrorism is one of the key and most dangerous challenges to international security and stability today. Terrorism as a phenomenon is a significant problem that is characteristic not of certain regions, but of the entire planet: in one form or another, differing in the source of motivation, terrorism affected all continents, becoming an urgent agenda by the 1990s, and since then it has not disappeared from the field of view of international organizations and national security institutions. and scientific research.

The purpose of this work is to consider the main conceptual approaches to the study of terrorism as a phenomenon. The objectives of this work are: to study the main conceptual approaches used by Russian and foreign researchers; to describe the characteristic features of these approaches and their scientific justification.

In the course of the work carried out, such research methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the historical method were used.

The results of this work are the information obtained on the available scientific approaches related to various disciplines of scientific knowledge, to the study of the phenomenon of terrorist activity.

The key conclusion of this work is the fact that terrorism, as a phenomenon closely related to the personal factor and inseparable from human activity, has a wide range of sources, and therefore the scientific community has developed a wide range of approaches to its study.

Key words: terrorism, terrorism research, psychology of terrorism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.056

ZHANG YIXUAN Graduate student of Department of Comparative Political Science of Faculty of Political Science Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

INTEGRATION OF THE BELT, ROAD INITIATIVE IN THE GREATER EURASIAN SPACE

Dynamic changes in the fields of economics, technology, information and politics are still constantly occurring on the world stage. International political actors are striving to solve these problems, which are causing a slowdown in the growth rate of the world economy, increasing imbalances and security of all countries.

To achieve these goals, these actors have created new institutions of regional and global international financial and economic cooperation. At the same time, the international community, faced with traditional and new threats, is experiencing significant difficulties in forming a solid foundation for the architecture of international security at a new stage of global development.

Until now, Eurasia, which has 75% of the world's population, 60% of total wealth and 75% of fossil energy, has two (the European Union and East Asia) of the three existing largest world economic centers (North America, the European Union, East Asia). Complex religious and civilizational forms, geographical interests of major powers and various belief systems in the clash form a complex situation of fierce competition. Therefore, no matter how the world situation develops in the future, the basic structure of global strategic resources oriented towards Eurasia will not change and will be increasingly relevant. Of course, the relevance of the study lies in the fact that development and cooperation in the Eurasian space. Participation in the world game on the Eurasian continent has been and will be many countries, especially China and Russia, which are developing well in the world.

Key words: one belt, one road, Eurasian space, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.010

CHEN HAIWEN Master, Heilongjiang University Centre for the Study of Russian Language and Culture, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION BETWEEN VIETNAM AND RUSSIA

The work reveals the priority areas of cooperation between Vietnam and Russia in the field of science and education. The author identifies the most significant points in this field related to the organization of international internships for teachers and students in these countries, as well as the results obtained.

In addition, the main problems related to the cooperation of these countries in the field of science are identified and attempts are being made to outline ways to resolve them. The author focuses on the prospects of this interaction and its transformation into related industries (industry, healthcare, business), where university graduates go to work in the future and where startups and scientific research are implemented. The most interesting and sought-after areas of activity of Vietnamese and Russian researchers are also indicated.

The publication examines the experience of cooperation between Vietnamese and Russian universities in the field of joint projects, outlines the prospects for further development of relations in the field of science and higher education. The purpose of the work may be to study the prospects for the development of cooperation between Vietnam and Russia in the field of higher education and science. The object of research is the content of scientific interaction, the subject is the mechanisms of cooperation development.

Key words: higher education, cooperation, scientific field, startup, international internship, student exchange, conference, problems of interaction.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.057

N.V. SHAKHMIN Teacher of history and social studies at the MES TMES № 14, Tiraspol, Pridnerstrovie, Moldova

PROSPECTS FOR EURASIAN INTEGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF A NEW WORLD ORDER

The trends of changing the world order in the conditions of the collapse of the unipolar world are analyzed, which makes it relevant to rethink the nature of integration processes against the background of ITS in the form of the emergence of new challenges and the opening of new prospects. A hypothesis is put forward about the possible redistribution of the world and the definition of zones of influence after the possible completion of the CBO between the world's leading players. The post-Soviet Eurasian space is supposed to be one of such zones of influence behind Russia.

Key words: SMO, world order, redistribution of the world, power multipolarity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.024

VIRGINIA MORENA GATTO Master’s Degree in International Security UNINT University, Rome, Italy https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5020-8173

RUSSIAN SOFT POWER: STRATEGIES, TOOLS, AND GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS

This article examines the Russian model of soft power as a distinct alternative to traditional Western approaches. Unlike normative, value-based strategies, Russia’s model is rooted in historical legacy, strategic pragmatism, and ideological narratives centered on sovereignty, multipolarity, and resistance to Western dominance. The study traces the evolution of soft power in Russian discourse since the early 2000s, identifying key objectives such as shaping international opinion, reinforcing alliances, and expanding global presence. It analyzes core instruments including religious diplomacy (via the Russian Orthodox Church), cultural outreach (e.g., Rossotrudnichestvo), and international media channels. A case study on Africa highlights Russia’s use of anti-colonial rhetoric, educational exchanges, and political cooperation to expand influence. The article argues that Russia’s approach – reactive, flexible, and context-dependent – faces significant internal and external constraints, yet represents a notable example of non-Western influence amid global power shifts.

Key words: soft power, Russia, foreign policy, Africa, cultural diplomacy, media, religion, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.045

G.O. SHISHOV Postgraduate student of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

EAEU DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MULTIPOLARITY

The article analyzes possible development scenarios of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the context of the emerging multipolar world order. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the EAEU, theoretical approaches to multipolarity and integration processes. The author examines four main development scenarios: basic, integration breakthrough, integration partnership and integration stagnation, and also proposes a combined adaptive scenario as the most promising in the context of multipolarity. The methodological framework consists of a systematic approach, scenario analysis and comparative analysis of various models of regional integration. The research results show that the most promising is a combined scenario of adaptive integration, involving a flexible combination of elements of different approaches depending on changing conditions. The conclusion is made about the need to adapt the EAEU integration model to changing geopolitical realities and form flexible mechanisms of interaction with other centers of power in a multipolar world.

Key words: EAEU, multipolarity, integration processes, development scenarios, Eurasian integration, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.058

D.L. TSYBAKOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of State and Municipal Administration, Civil Defence Academy Emercom of Russia, Khimki, Moscow region, Russia SPIN-code: 9221-5863

A.M. SHTETSBERG Vice-head of the Center for International Students Preparation and Adaptation of Educational Programs, RANEPA, Moscow, Russia SPIN-code: 3022-8449

THE "SOFT POWER" OF RUSSIA AND CHINA AS A PART OF HUMANITARIAN POLICY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOOLS, ASSESSMENTS, AND RESULTS

The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the humanitarian policies of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation in terms of the development and promotion of "soft power", respectively. The main tasks of the work include: determining the main tools for the development and coordination of the "soft power" of China and the Russian Federation, identifying problems and limitations in the system of humanitarian cooperation, as well as a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of humanitarian policy in the above-mentioned area of both countries. The research subject is the processes of the Confucius Institute (from the People's Republic of China) and Rossotrudnichestvo (from the Russian Federation). The research is carried out using general logical methods: the analysis of documents (normative documents of Rossotrudnichestvo, normative legal acts of various Ministries and the Government of the Russian Federation) is used, a comparative method is used in the aspect of analyzing the humanitarian policies of China and Russia, as well as modeling in the field of using "soft power" tools.

In the current conditions of the global world order, the development of "soft power" is an integral and important vector of any state's foreign policy. This is largely due to the fact that an aggressive war for leadership in the news field is taking place in the world, reinforced by the high growth rate of information technology. In modern realities, politics determines the course of economic decisions, and despite the fact that, for example, packages of Western sanctions against Russia are unprofitable for both state budgets and business organizations of the countries making these decisions, the "collective West" follows a generally accepted strategic course, translating this approach to other states. It is for this reason that the issue of goal setting and the development of "soft power" is so important, and it is this factor that determines the relevance of this study.

At the current stage of the alignment of political forces, it should be noted that Russian humanitarian policy lags far behind the "collective West" and China in terms of creating and promoting "soft power." This happens for many reasons, one of which is the remoteness of this topic from the priorities of the ongoing state policy of the Russian Federation.

The author pays special attention to the practical aspects of the implementation of the vector of "soft power" in China and Russia based on the work of the "Russian Houses", the Confucius Institute and the so-called "Confucius Cabinets". Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was drawn about the possible application of the experience of the People's Republic of China in the humanitarian policy of the Russian Federation.

Key words: Russia, China, international relations, "soft power", Rossotrudnichestvo, Confucius Institute.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.059

I.V. IAREMCHUK Postgraduate student at the Faculty of World Politics at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE FUTURE OF EMPLOYMENT: CHALLENGES AND EU RESPONSES TO AUTOMATION IN THE AGE OF AI

The process of technological transformation, characterized by the exponential development of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, determines a fundamental reconfiguration of the employment structure on a global scale of all national governments. The object of the study is the digital environment. The subject of the study is employment in the age of artificial intelligence. The study objectively established that the future of employment in the EU in the age of AI is not a scenario predetermined by technology, but a field of intense political struggle and institutional choice. Successful adaptation will require not only investment in skills and innovation, but also a serious democratization of the management of technological transformation, strengthening of social dialogue, rethinking the social contract towards universal guarantees (possibly including the idea of a basic income or a new type of public services), and continuous improvement of ethical and legal mechanisms that ensure the priority of human dignity and fundamental rights over the logic of algorithmic optimization. The EU's ability to find a balance between technological progress, economic efficiency and social justice will be a decisive test of the viability of the European political landscape in the 21st century.

Key words: political science analysis, political transformation, ethical-regulatory dilemmas, social contract, precariat.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.060

WANG YUQI Postgraduate student, Faculty of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF KYRGYZSTAN IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: RESOURCE AND ENERGY ASPECTS

This article examines the role of Kyrgyzstan in China's resource and energy security in conjunction with China's resource security concept. It analyzes China-Kyrgyzstan cooperation in the field of resources, energy and related infrastructure within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and its significance for China. It summarizes Kyrgyzstan's position in China's resource strategy in bilateral and multilateral frameworks.

Key words: Chinese-Kyrgyz cooperation, resource and energy, One Belt One Road, regional integration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.061

A.A. KARAKHANYAN Graduate student at Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SCO

The SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) is one of the priorities today for both Russia and China. The Russian Federation is one of the founders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and, along with the People's Republic of China, remains one of the main "engines" of the organization. The purpose of the article is that. That this article examines Moscow's policy towards the SCO, examining existing evidence and contextualizing it within the framework of the so-called theory of cooperative hegemony. To do this, the article solves a number of sequential tasks: it examines the stages of interaction between the two countries, especially in the field of security and consideration of measures that strengthen Sino-Russian relations. The article mentions recent events and examines China's official position regarding its presence on the territory of Ukraine, at the end the author's view of the result of these events is presented, it is also important to mention several relevant works on regional hegemony. As a result, the key thoughts on the issue of interaction between Russia and China are summarized. It is summarized that this article makes a valuable contribution by considering the possibility and usefulness of interaction between the SCO countries, while other studies have focused on the usefulness of their cooperation within institutions headed exclusively by Russia – the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian region. To date, there is a lack of larger-scale research, in particular, examining academic and expert debates in China on a wide range of sources and important topics.

Key words: Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, SCO, cooperation, security, regulatory framework.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.062

LENG XIAOTIAN Postgraduate student, Faculty of World Politics Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS

This paper analyzes the factors influencing the development of China-India relations, focusing on historical, political, and strategic aspects. It examines key obstacles to improving bilateral interactions, including border disputes, nationalist sentiments, the influence of external actors, and the perception of China as a threat to India's national security. The paper also highlights the role of domestic politics and public opinion in shaping India's foreign policy. The findings suggest that despite the potential for cooperation, the relationship remains unstable and sensitive to external political fluctuations, making it difficult to establish a long-term and stable model of interaction between the two countries.

Key words: China-India relations, border disputes, external factors, regional security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.038

FEDERICO PAPARATTO Graduate of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) MFA of Russia; graduate of the University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

RUSSIA'S STRATEGIC PRESENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: INTERESTS, IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS AND REGIONAL CONSEQUENCES

This article analyzes Russia’s growing strategic presence in Southeast Asia as part of its broader “Pivot to the East” foreign policy shift. In response to deteriorating relations with the West, Moscow seeks to diversify its international partnerships by strengthening ties with ASEAN countries. Particular focus is given to Russia’s energy cooperation (oil, LNG, nuclear energy), defense exports, and engagement in regional multilateral forums. The article highlights key bilateral relationships with Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos, underscoring Russia’s pragmatic approach and efforts to act as a strategic balancer in the Indo-Pacific. Despite limited financial resources and China’s dominant influence, Russia positions itself as an independent and reliable partner offering cooperation free from political conditions. The study concludes that although Moscow’s role in Southeast Asia remains selective and constrained, its presence supports Russia’s multipolar vision and provides strategic value in mitigating Western dominance.

Key words: Russia-ASEAN relations, energy diplomacy, military cooperation, multipolar order, pivot to the East, Southeast Asia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.063

K.D. SMOLKOVA Post-graduate student at the UNESCO Chair for the Study of Global Problems, Faculty of Global Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia

MIGRATION DIPLOMACY AS A FOREIGN POLICY INSTRUMENT IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

This article analyses the transformation of migration into a tool of foreign policy instrument within the contemporary international relations. The aim of the study is to identify the key strategies and mechanisms by which states utilise migration flows to achieve their foreign policy goals. The objectives of the paper include the systemisation of migration diplomacy strategies, examination of empirical case-studies, and analysis of the influence of domestic politics on the formation of migration policies.

The methodology relies on comparative analysis, case-study approach and a theoretical framework based on the concept of migration diplomacy. The paper examines specific instances of cooperation and coercion in EU’s relations with third countries, including Turkey, Morocco, Egypt and Libya.

The results show that migration flows can be deliberately used as instruments of pressure, bargaining and political exchange – both within formal agreements and hybrid conflicts. The study also reveals that domestic political dynamics, particularly diaspora enjoyment strategies, play a significant role in shaping external migration policies.

It is concluded that migration diplomacy functions as a flexible and multilevel instrument that influences the hierarchy of the system of international relations and interactions in the sphere of migration management.

Key words: migration diplomacy, international relations, migration, foreign policy, hybrid conflicts, bargaining strategies.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.064

CHEN SI LI PhD applicant, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0003-5553-2119

THE RISE OF WOMEN'S POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: CASE STUDIES FROM CHINA

This article examines issues related to the rise of female political leadership and examines examples from China. The purpose of the study is to examine issues of female political leadership in China and examine examples. The author used various methods in conducting the study, including analysis. The author emphasizes the existence of gender inequality in Chinese society. The most prominent female political leaders in China, including Shi Liang, Song Qingping, and Deng Yingchao, are examined. The qualities of female politicians in modern society are highlighted. An analysis of the number of female leaders in China's provinces led to the conclusion that the majority of leadership positions were occupied by representatives of the fair sex. An analysis of the ages of provincial leaders at the time of appointment revealed that in almost every individual cohort (with the exception of provincial governors and deputy governors), women occupied leadership positions at a younger age than men. Academic data on Chinese provincial leaders is reviewed. Overall, the analysis showed that women are at the forefront of political leadership, addressing critical political issues and tasks, and proposing a program and strategy for future development.

Objective. The purpose of the study was to examine issues of female political leadership in China and examine examples.

Methods. The author used a variety of methods in conducting the study. Key methods include comparative analysis and many others.

Results. Female political leadership in China was analyzed, identifying key characteristics and traits. Examples of female politicians were considered.

Conclusions. In China, women's participation in politics and in making important management decisions is increasing. Women are becoming more prominent and visible figures in society, contributing to the development of various spheres of life. To support female political leadership, it is necessary to pursue active financial, legislative, and gender policies on the part of the state. This will strengthen women's position in society, enhance their social status, and stimulate further development.

Key words: women, political leadership, growth, development, practice, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.118.6.048

YAN RONG Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION IN THE POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD

The article examines the process of economic integration of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the post-pandemic period 2019-2026. Special attention is paid to the formation of a common economic circle and a common market within the Eurasian geo-economic space under the dominance of China and Russia. The article analyzes the impact on the development of the SCO of such factors as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical challenges, including Western sanctions and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, as well as the interaction of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union. The key trends, mechanisms and prospects for deepening economic integration in the region, as well as the SCO's role as a platform for sustainable development and countering external economic constraints, have been identified.

The study concluded that the creation of a common economic circle and a common market within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has been successful, thanks to which China and Russia have provided themselves and other member countries with a mechanism for overcoming external economic sanctions and countering geopolitical challenges. The most important measure for the formation of a competitive Eurasian geoeconomic region capable of taking a significant place in the global economy has become the interaction of the One Belt – One Road initiatives and the Eurasian Economic Union. It is noted that the SCO currently demonstrates the ability to constructive dialogue and coordinate the efforts of its participants, despite the existing internal contradictions and asymmetry of interests, the organization in question. In the future, the development of this organization will depend on the ability of member states to coordinate national interests and adapt to the changing international situation.

Key words: One Belt  One Road, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitics, regional government, economic integration.

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