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Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 13, Issue 8-2 (96-2), 2023

CONTENTS

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Petropolsky D.I. Political Leadership Classical and Modern Approaches to Understanding

Chemshit D.A. Distribution of National Resources as a Functional Aspect of Modernization Crises

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

Chizhik K.V. Working with Human Resources in Social Security Departments Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra in 1960-1980

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Astvatsaturova M.A. Patriotic Values of Politics and the Politics of Patriotic Values in Modern Russian Society

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Poyarkov R.A. The Impact of Globalization on the Political System of the Modern State

Kovalev M.K. Features and Mechanisms for Implementing the State Information Policy of the Russian Federation

Vlasov M.Ya. The Need for Introducing Federal Regulation Experience Into Regional Image Projects

Garin I.Yu. Political and Civic Participation of Youth in the Context of Defining the Contour of the Future

Musayev M.T. National Ideology as a Factor of Society Stability in the Era of Globalization

Parmanov S.A. Ideal Foundations for Increasing the Political Culture of Youth of Uzbekistan

Khabarov I.A. "Cherry Orchards" and "The Mastering Man": Some Examples of the Reorganization of Symbolic Power in the 20th Century Locality

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Minchenkov E.N. Lobbyism as Democratic Practices of a Federal State

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Suleymanov A.R. Managing Stakeholders of Eurasian Integration: Problem Statement

Shupletsova K.V., Pisarenko S.S. Japanese Vision of the Indo-Pacific Space

Monge R.V. Legal Grounds and Participation Dynamics of the Tuva Republic in Russian Foreign Economic Relations

Pavlov N.R., Slabov E.A. Countering Network Terrorism in the Context of the Formation of the Information Society

Aliev R.A., Chernykh N.A. Dynamics of Chemical Pollution in the Northern Caspian Sea in the Context of Environmental Security and Sustainable Development of the Region

Kuronov U.M. Global Manifestation of Destructive Threats and Totalitarian Sects

Pesochin A.M. Political Interaction of the Russian Federation and South Africa: Bilateral and Multilateral Formats

STUDENT SCIENCE

Kupalov-Yaropolk A.I. The Indigenous Population of French Guiana in the XXI Century: the Dark Realities of Globalization

Liu Ying. Environmental NGO Research in Kazakhstan

Our authors № 8-2-2023

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.001

D.I. PETROPOLSKY Development Director of YURMP LLC, applicant, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP CLASSICAL AND MODERN APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING

Within the framework of this study, the views of various classical and contemporary scholars on understanding the essence and content of the phenomenon of political leadership are reviewed. The problem of studying this topic is that so far there has not been a unified approach to the definition of political leadership in the scientific political environment. A rather wide variety of points of view among political scientists has led to the identification of classical theories of political leadership, which can intertwine with each other, complement each other, but at the same time, in some contemporaries' circles, be perceived as opposite.

Objective: to identify the key advantages and disadvantages of classical and contemporary approaches to understanding the essence of political leadership and to come to a conclusion about which approach is most appropriate to use, perhaps it is best to combine several approaches and put forward a new definition of political leadership, taking into account the advantages of various scientific theories.

Tasks: to consider the scientific approaches of classical scholars to leadership in politics; to study the views of contemporaries on political leadership; to characterize the main advantages and disadvantages of various theories; to formulate the author's own definition of political leadership.

Methods: description, generalization, synthesis, abstraction, idealization, deduction, induction, systematization, research, comparison.

Results: the most famous classical and modern approaches to the definition of the essence and content of the phenomenon of political leadership in the science of political science are highlighted; the author's definition of political leadership is formulated.

Conclusions: throughout the existence of the phenomenon of political leadership, starting from the period of antiquity and ending with the modern digitalization period of the development of political thought, the phenomenon of political leadership has evolved. The evolution of views on political leadership has gone from the perception of a political leader as a hero in ancient times to the formation of his digital image in modern political theory. As a result, the phenomenon of political leadership in its modern interpretation has absorbed various aspects of classical approaches (the theory of heroism, divinity, the great man, the theory of traits, etc.) in their connection with the activity of politicians in the Internet environment.

Key words: politics, leader, scientist, theory, approach, evolution, views, classical, modern, leadership.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.002

D.A. CHEMSHIT Candidate of political sciences, Docent of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Law Institute of the Federal State Educational Institution, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia

DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL RESOURCES AS A FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF MODERNIZATION CRISES

The article considers the distribution of resources within society as a basic function of the political system. It is noted that the nature of the distribution of national resources reflects the degree of effectiveness of political functioning. It is emphasized that political systems that are at the stage of modernization inevitably experience a crisis of resource allocation. The last thesis concerns the strategic level. The reasons for the distribution crisis in modernizing societies and at the tactical level are also indicated. We are talking about the imperfection of the mechanisms of social security and the inefficiency of profit redistribution within society. A generalizing conclusion is made about the permanent nature of the crisis of resource allocation in transitional societies.

Key words: functions of the political system, transitional political systems, national resources, political modernization, dysfunctions of political systems.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.003

K.V. CHIZHIK Teacher, Surgut State University, Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Russia

WORKING WITH HUMAN RESOURCES IN SOCIAL SECURITY DEPARTMENTS KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS OKRUG-YUGRA IN 1960-1980

The article discusses the state policy of the USSR in the issue of training personnel to work in social security departments. Thanks to the analysis of archival documents, the author identified such problems as: ignorance by employees of legislation aimed at ensuring social guarantees, frequent turnover of personnel in the field and formalism in work. Based on the principle of historicism, the author was able to identify the characteristic conditions for the development of the state personnel policy and its impact on a certain territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. The relevance of the article is given by the fact that there are no works on this topic in the territory under consideration.

Methods: logical, historical, objectivity, analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative.

Conclusions: Thanks to the guidelines of the Ministry of Social Security of the RSFSR and the systematic work of the district, city and district departments, it was possible to significantly improve the general education and qualification level of personnel and, as a result, eliminate a number of existing problems.

Key words: social policy, state policy, social security, personnel policy, social security, education, professional development.

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.004

M.A. ASTVATSATUROVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Director, Chief Researcher of the Scientific and Educational Center for Political and Ethnopolitical Studies of Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk, Russia

PATRIOTIC VALUES OF POLITICS AND THE POLITICS OF PATRIOTIC VALUES IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY

The article is devoted to the understanding of patriotism not only as a moral value, but more as a political ideology demanded by the Russian political class and Russian society in the context of geopolitical risks and challenges. The conditions and factors of strengthening the civic patriotism of Russians are highlighted on the basis of traditional Russian principles of relations between the state and society, in which the priorities of state interests are obvious. The resources of the formation of a value-based political-patriotic platform for the consolidation of society through the implementation of a targeted doctrinal political and managerial discourse are considered. In the course of the political analysis, the circumstances of the patriotic self-identification of Russian citizens are recorded and at the same time, the problems and contradictions of the "passion for patriotism" as an alternative ideology for the development of Russian society are identified.

Key words: geopolitical challenges and risks, Russia, patriotism, patriotic self-identification, Russian civic identity, value-based political and patriotic platform, political and managerial discourse.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.005

R.A. POYARKOV Post-graduate student, Central Russian Institute of Management – branch, Russia, Orel; founder, R Group LLC, Moscow, Russia

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE MODERN STATE

The modern world is developing in the context of globalization, which carries not only positive factors, but also a huge number of threats to society and the development of the state. Along with digitalization, networking and robotization of economic processes, new risks associated with the substitution of ideological values among the population, the development of negative political trends, extremism and other phenomena are coming to the country. In this regard, it is of interest to study the concept of globalization and the factors contributing to its penetration into all aspects of the modern state, affecting the political situation in society, changing approaches and ideologies in the governance of the country. At the same time, many politicians are adherents of globalist ideas, believing that it is this concept that underlies the development of the modern state. However, these ideas should penetrate the political system of the state in a very dosed manner, taking into account the peculiarities of their own state and the risks associated with their introduction into political processes.

The article describes the concept of globalization and its impact on the political development of the modern state. The positive and negative sides are presented, as well as the opportunities that the state can use from this concept in the development of its own political structure.

Key words: globalization, political structure, networking, digitalization, influence, system, development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.006

M.K. KOVALEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES AND MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE STATE INFORMATION POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article discusses the main mechanisms for the implementation of the state information policy of Russia (SIP RF) on the external and internal contours. The author analyzes legal, political, administrative and other means of regulating the information space. In conclusion, the features of the implementation of the SIP RF are highlighted.

Key words: state information policy, social media, political communications, Internet.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.007

M.Ya. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

THE NEED FOR INTRODUCING FEDERAL REGULATION EXPERIENCE INTO REGIONAL IMAGE PROJECTS

The article discusses various approaches to understanding the term "power", the features and conditions of its implementation in modern society. The purpose of the work is to identify the characteristic features of the Russian model of government. The objectives of the study are to give a historiographical description of the management of the Russian Federation in tsarist times; to characterize modern management trends based on the information received; to explain the crisis of the Russian management model in certain regions of the Russian Federation; to characterize the influence of the management model on the implementation of image projects; to develop practical recommendations for optimizing the Russian management system. When writing the work, the author used such methods as analysis and synthesis of information, deduction, induction, comparison and systematization of facts, scientific modeling, as well as the method of historiography. In conclusion, the author provides ways to modernize the Russian management model taking into account the current political situation, foreign and domestic historical experience.

Key words: management model, power, politics, political image, personnel rotation, state, bureaucratization, corruption.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.008

I.Yu. GARIN Director of the Center for Monitoring and Prevention of Deviant Behavior Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

POLITICAL AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH IN THE CONTEXT OF DEFINING THE CONTOUR OF THE FUTURE

The article analyzes the problems of youth policy in the context of the crisis global economy and management, which is of an ideological nature. The global socio-economic crisis is especially acute in the context of the transformation social structures, the formation of new values, attitudes and norms in society. These factors have a significant impact on the youth environment as the most receptive to social and cultural innovations. The study, using the example of Western European countries and Germany in particular, analyzes the state of political and civic participation of young people in political processes, highlights the main directions of the process of political participation and joint production of politics as the basis of a modern democratic model of politics. The article notes that participatory management of social processes is aimed at deepening the content of civic participation, incl. youth. Based on the interpretation of the results of sociological research, the article draws a conclusion about the high level of distrust of young people in the current political model of governance, the low level of political participation in traditional party-political institutions, and the high level of absenteeism. At the same time, there is a high level of civic participation of the youth of Germany in public social and political actions (60% of high school students) dedicated to actions to protect the environment and climate, the requirements of social justice. The article notes a high level of European identification of young people, despite cultural and national differences, the influence of the factor of the country of origin. The main socio-demographic data of the youth of Germany are presented.

Key words: political participation, civic participation, youth, youth policy, youth socialization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.009

M.T. MUSAYEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Head of Department Institute for Social and Spiritual Research at the Republican Center for Spirituality and Enlightenment, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

NATIONAL IDEOLOGY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIETY STABILITY IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION

This article pays attention to the social, political and democratic factors in the formation of national ideology. The article outlines the issues of forming ideological immunity as the basis for ensuring security and stability in society and their relationship. The thoughts of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the dangers of alien and destructive ideas and attacks are outlined, the factors, directions, forms, methods and consequences of illegal ideologies, as well as ways to combat them are outlined.

Key words: national ideology, globalization, threat, society, tolerance, mass culture, subculture, traditions and customs, morality, value, spirituality, social development, ideological education, factor, religion, information.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.010

S.A. PARMANOV Senior Lecturer, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan

IDEAL FOUNDATIONS FOR INCREASING THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF YOUTH OF UZBEKISTAN

In this state, the effectiveness of the formation of the political culture of youth in ensuring high development of the state and society, the forms and methods of effective mechanisms for increasing awareness of political processes are analyzed. The author analyzes the state policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan to support youth, turning them into a new force capable of becoming a source of reforms and ensuring prosperity countries in the future. The study analyzed a number of objective circumstances that impede the effective implementation of youth policy. The study made it possible to formulate priority tasks that need to be solved to achieve the goals of state youth policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Key words: Uzbekistan, development, youth, political culture, direction, state youth policy, youth, young family, young specialist, youth entrepreneurship.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.011

I.А. KHABAROV Candidate of Political Science, Director of the Center for Relations with Public Institutions of the Department for Strategic Communications, Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov, Russia

"CHERRY ORCHARDS" AND "THE MASTERING MAN": SOME EXAMPLES OF THE REORGANIZATION OF SYMBOLIC POWER IN THE 20TH CENTURY LOCALITY

The relevance of studying the transformation of the living spaces of modern communities through a mastering action as a political act is dictated by the need for further understanding of universalist concepts that have become widespread popular models of political behavior. Referring to the circumstances of generating symbolic power as the most important dimension of the political process of localities is useful from the standpoint of a comprehensive consideration of the rotation of the respective elites and political regimes. Referring to the cases of the XX century allows us to clearly assess the features of the development model in a historical perspective. The purpose of the presented article is to consider individual characteristic examples of the realization of the symbolic potential of subjects mastering the political space of localities, related to the last century – the time of the formation of the development of this model. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to consistently solve the problems of studying the applied management of symbols in politics, assessing the potential of symbolic practices for political involvement and exclusion, considering examples of the use of symbolic power in the struggle for the political space of localities in the XX century. The research uses scientific methods of analogy, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. According to the results of the study, conclusions are presented regarding the strategic and tactical aspects of the implementation of symbolic power by the subjects of the development model on a local scale.

Key words: symbolic power, space, locality, community, development, self-organization.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.012

E.N. MINCHENKOV Postgraduate student, Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

LOBBYISM AS DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES OF A FEDERAL STATE

In the article, the author analyzes the modern perception of the phenomenon of lobbying, the renaissance of the theory of pluralism and lobbying, social and communicative interpretations of lobbying in the context of the political process. The article emphasizes the relevance of the study of lobbyism, which is also determined by the processes of changing associations, new trends in their fragmentation, professionalization and Europeanization are observed. The author considered and proposed the key positions and criteria for the formation of a register of lobbyists on the example of Germany.

The strategic importance of lobbying in setting the political agenda in public arenas is analyzed. It is determined that the value of the efforts of lobbyists is to identify key topics in the media community, which plays a decisive advantage in the system of strategic communications. Media efforts of lobbyists make it possible to determine the framing, the way the topic is perceived, the content of the subject, etc. The staging of a key socially significant topic by lobbyists requires knowledge of the logic of the media, media communication channels and professional interaction with journalists and media creators.

Key words: lobbying, influence groups, political process, mass media.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.013

A.R. SULEYMANOV Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa, Russia

MANAGING STAKEHOLDERS OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION: PROBLEM STATEMENT

The complexity of managing the stakeholders of Eurasian integration, which are understood as a variety of factors, arises due to several reasons. A vague understanding of the stakeholders in this process. Ambiguous assessment of integration and its results. The absence of clear boundaries of the categorical apparatus. The author offers a solution to these problems from the standpoint of design and product methodology. This is a new field of opportunities for managing the interests of stakeholders and convergence between them. The article presents the parameters of multidimensional analysis that allow assessing the effectiveness of Eurasian integration. The author comes to the conclusion that with regard to Eurasian integration, there is a request for the development of international standards concerning certain aspects of its management. And one of the first may be the integration stakeholder management standard. Through project standardization, their gradual (adapted) implementation into the activities of stakeholders at different levels is possible.

Key words: Eurasian integration, stakeholders, governance, stakeholder, interests, influence, standard.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.014

K.V. SHUPLETSOVA Analyst of the expert analytical group, Center "State and Religion in Asia", Institute of China and Contemporary Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

JAPANESE VISION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC SPACE

This article discusses the evolution of views on how, according to Japan, the Indo-Pacific region should develop. Abe Shinzo first spoke about this concept, since then the concept of developing a “free and open Indo-Pacific region” has undergone some changes. Since 2017, the concept of the Indo-Pacific has entered the foreign policy lexicon of many powers. It is worth noting that the support of the United States caused enthusiasm in the political circles of Japan. At present, the FOIP concept is considered one of the most successful foreign policy decisions of the S. Abe administration. The current leadership of Kishida Fumio, when drawing up new points for the development of the concept, somewhat departs from the basic principles of the previous administration. This article analyzes the new concept of a "free and open Indo-Pacific region" in the period up to 2030, in which one can observe how the Japanese government seeks to focus on the socio-economic problems of countries that share and contribute to the development of this concept, namely food security, providing humanitarian assistance in cases of natural disasters and new epidemics, solving environmental problems, issues of sea routes, taking measures to strengthen maritime law in the region, developing human capital, etc. It is important to note that the official document showed the security agenda to a greater extent than before, however, it is still not dominant. Analyzing a new vision of the concept of development, we have the opportunity to determine the vector of Japan's movement in the context of the current "turning events" in the international arena.

Key words: Indo-Pacific, Shinzo Abe, Fumio Kishida, Japanese foreign policy, Japan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.015

R.V. MONGE Applicant of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

LEGAL GROUNDS AND PARTICIPATION DYNAMICS OF THE TUVA REPUBLIC IN RUSSIAN FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The article deals with the problem of participation of the Tuva Republic in Russia’s foreign economic relations. The research goal is to consider the legal foundations of international activity, as well as the dynamics of the subject’s participation in relations with the border regions of foreign countries. The institutional mechanism that ensures the coordination of international and foreign economic relations has not yet been sufficiently studied. At the same time, such a study is necessary for a deeper understanding of relations in the sphere of distribution of subjects of jurisdiction and powers.

The research methodology is based on the political and legal approach and includes the methods of the general scientific group (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction); as well as a number of special methods: a retrospective political and legal analysis, a statistical method. As materials for the analysis, official statistical data on the main macroeconomic indicators from the Tuva Republic, as well as the main documents of federal and regional legislation regulating foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, were used. Based on the results of the study, the author came to the following conclusions: today it is necessary to expand the legislative framework in terms of regulating foreign economic relations of entities with border areas of foreign countries. The dynamics of foreign economic relations of the Tuva Republic is especially positive with the border areas of China and Mongolia, which is due to the successful economic infrastructure.

Key words: international relations, Tuva Republic, foreign economic relations, socio-economic development, border regions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.016

N.R. PAVLOV Postgraduate Student of the Faculty of International Relations St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

E.A. SLABOV Postgraduate Student of the Faculty of International Relations St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

COUNTERING NETWORK TERRORISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

The purpose of the study. The article examines the content and nature of the threat of international terrorism in the conditions of advanced development of communication technologies; describes the resource potential of social networks in activating and changing the nature of modern terrorist activity. The experience of countries and institutions in the fight against international network terrorism is analyzed. The purpose of the study is to analyze and summarize international experience, as well as to detail problematic issues and prospects for combating network terrorism.

Conclusions. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the development of social networks has recently facilitated contacts between representatives of different countries, but at the same time led to the spread of extremist ideas around the world. The authors conclude that, taking into account the global trend towards the expansion and spread of social networks, this factor of the modern world should be analyzed in the context of ensuring international security.

Key word: terrorist content, global communication, security threat, counterterrorism, network terrorism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.017

R.A. ALIEV Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Trade Representative of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Russian Federation, Head of the Commission on Sustainable Development of the UN RAS, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2nd Class, Moscow, Russia

N.A. CHERNYKH Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of International Complex Problems of Environmental Management and Ecology at MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

DYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION IN THE NORTHERN CASPIAN SEA IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

Under the conditions of increasing technogenic impact on the biosphere in the world more and more attention is paid to the sustainable development of society in harmony with the natural environment and the interests of current and future generations, in particular, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources, the prevention of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the elimination of its consequences. Within the framework of achieving Sustainable Development Goal [19], namely the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas and marine resources, the authors conducted a study of the dynamics of chemical pollution of the northern part of the Caspian Sea water area in order to obtain the possibility of further forecasting of the emerging environmental situation in the region. The main sources, scales and natural-climatic peculiarities of the introduction of priority pollutants into the marine environment were considered. On the basis of generalization and detailed analysis of materials on this problem it is shown that the growing exploitation of hydrocarbons, as well as the discharge of industrial and agricultural wastewater in the absence of an effective system of regulation has already led to unprecedented levels of chemical pollution of components of the marine ecosystem. Thus, the content of petroleum hydrocarbons and phenols in the waters of the Northern Caspian in recent years steadily exceeds the established maximum permissible levels.

Key words: Northern Caspian Sea, sustainable development, environmental situation, chemical pollution, phenols, petroleum hydrocarbons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.018

U.M. KURONOV Republican Institute researcher Social and Spiritual Research at the Center for Spirituality and education, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan

GLOBAL MANIFESTATION OF DESTRUCTIVE THREATS AND TOTALITARIAN SECTS

This article is devoted to understanding the theoretical and practical problems of improving and coordinating the activities of state and public organizations, on certain issues of protecting youth from destructive influences. It contains a theoretical analysis of the activities of destructive religious, cultural, extremist and terrorist movements, groups that negatively affect the stability, social, spiritual growth of the state, and defines the genesis, essence and content of the concepts of a destructive group, ideas, based on existing scientific theories.

Key words: destructive forces, societies, youth, national ideology, threat.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.019

A.M. PESOCHIN Postgraduate student of the Department of Global Social Processes and Youth Work, Faculty of Global Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL INTERACTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND SOUTH AFRICA: BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL FORMATS

The article examines the genesis and evolution of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of South Africa, which at the present stage are of particular importance for the Russian side against the backdrop of political transformations taking place in the world community, including attempts to limit Russia's participation in international processes. The purpose of the work is to identify internal and external factors, both bringing together and separating the two countries from each other. The event analysis of the content and circumstances of the official meetings of the Russian Federation and South Africa at the highest level made it possible to determine the potential of the «platforms» used for political interaction between the two countries, including the prospects for the development of BRICS diplomatic mechanisms and the establishment of ties between Eurasian and African integration structures. By discourse analysis of statements and interviews of representatives of the ruling elites of the Russian Federation and South Africa, the official positions of the two states regarding emerging conflict or disputes in specific regions or in relations with each other, which can either strengthen or weaken the intensity of Russian-South African political interaction, were revealed. In particular, for example, the events around the Arab Spring, which prompted South Africa to cooperate with the BRICS countries, or the Ukrainian crisis, which limits the implementation of certain formats of contact between the Russian Federation and South Africa.

Key words: Russian Federation, Republic of South Africa, BRICS, Russia-Africa Partnership Forum, national interests, dual diplomacy, Arab Spring, Ukrainian crisis.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.020

A.I. KUPALOV-YAROPOLK Master of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of International Journalism, MGIMO (u), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF FRENCH GUIANA IN THE XXI CENTURY: THE DARK REALITIES OF GLOBALIZATION

The purpose of the article is to familiarize Russian-speaking American researchers with the problems of the indigenous aboriginal population of the overseas department of French Guiana in the new millennium. Attention is paid to the most urgent and intractable issues of a socio-political nature. When writing the article, the author used sources and scientific literature in Russian, French and English.

Key words: French Guiana, Indians, politics, culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-2.8-2.021

LIU YING Master of Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

ENVIRONMENTAL NGO RESEARCH IN KAZAKHSTAN

With the growing trend of globalization of environmental problems, the limitations of intergovernmental environmental organizations in responding to global environmental crises are emphasized. Environmental NGOs play a more important role in the process of solving global environmental problems. The study of environmental NGOs in Kazakhstan is useful for understanding Kazakhstan's policy towards non-governmental organizations, Kazakhstan's environmental issues, the role of Kazakhstan's environmental NGOs and existing problems. This article presents the background, development history and representative environmental NGOs of Kazakhstan in order to understand environmental NGOs in Kazakhstan.

Key words: Kazakhstan, NGOs, environmental NGOs.

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Academic Journal “Political Science Issues”. Volume 13, Issue 8-1 (96-1), 2023

CONTENTS

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Sviridenko E.A. Images of the Sovereign and the State in the Sources of the XV-XVI Centuries

Sliva E.S. Systemic Foundations of the Structure, Properties and Functions of Political Elites

Hao Long. A Critical Study of Western Democratic System – Taking American Democratic System as an Example (Part II)

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

Ziborov D.M. Scientific and Intelligence Component of the Embassy of A.V. Kaulbars to Kashgar in 1872

Shaldunova T.N. Transformations of Peter I – Stereotypes of Perception

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Shpakovsky S.A., Burda M.A., Gerasimovа I.V. Factors and Conditions of Migration Attractiveness of the State in the Context of the Theory of Migration Networks D. Massey

Qian Qianrong. Chinese Migration to the Russian Far East at the Current Stage

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Pyzh V.V., Lukyanenkova L.V. Spiritual Security of Society and the Problems of its Provision in the Russian Federation in the Context of Modern Geopolitical Rivalry

Demirchiev A.O., Afonin M.V., Popov S.I. National Policy: Integrative Approach

Kharitonov K.A. Content Options of the Concept “Democracy” in Russian and Chinese Political Traditions

Tushkov A.A. Maritime Activity of the Russian Federation as the Basis of State Policy to Ensure National Interests in the World Ocean

Llanga Martinez Michelle Veronica. Populist Technologies in Political Communication on the Example of Ecuador

Huang Mingtuo. Characteristics and Reasons for the Use of Terminology in Russian Information Security Strategy

Petrova S.V., Ivshina A.V. Cyber Party as a New Form of Political Activity

Seravin A.I. Determinants of Electoral Politics: Peculiarities as a Resource

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Drozhnikov R.A. Theoretical Approaches to the Study of the Phenomenon of Multinational Companies

Bodrov A.K. The Phenomenon of Agglomerations as “Growth Poles” in the Regional Structure of Russia: Political Aspect

Petropolsky A.I. Modern Model of Participation of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in Government Decision-Making

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Pryakhin V.F. Russia and China in the Arctic. Example of Constructive Cooperation

Ponomarenko A.P. Austrian National Security Challenges for Austria in 2023

Sinitsyna E.I. The Role of Congress in Determining the U. S. Nuclear Declaratory Policy

Alyushina A.A. Globalization 2023: a Retrospective of Views

Luo Yanchao. The State of Sino-Indian Relations at the Prese

Muamar F. Military Policies as Solutions to the Problem of Terrorism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Xu Jun. Tools and Effects of U.S. Soft Power in Central Asia in the 21st Century

Tamundele Jean-Baptiste Ngey. The Role of the UN in the African Union. Failure or Success?

Philippova N.I. The «Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions» Movement: Israel's Countermeasures

Khvaley A.A. Political Foundations of Information Confrontation in the Arab Region and its Role in the International Political Process

STUDENT SCIENCE

Mirzekhanov K.V. Transit of Power in Turkmenistan and its Impact on Turkmen Foreign Policy

Radionova E.A. The Role of Private Companies in Promoting British Interests in the Early XXI Century

Filimonova E.S. The Main Stages of the Life and Work of A.D. Sakharov

Yartsev E.A. The Main Features of the Implementation of the Principle of Transparency of the Budget System in the Activities of State (Municipal) Financial Control Bodies

Our authors № 8-2023

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.001

E.A. SVIRIDENKO Postgraduate student, Faculty of Philosophy, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IMAGES OF THE SOVEREIGN AND THE STATE IN THE SOURCES OF THE XV-XVI CENTURIES

The article is devoted to identifying the key points of view and images of the sovereign and the state in the historical sources of Rus' in the XV-XVI centuries. Numerous sources demonstrate the process of increasing the political authority of the sovereign and explain what caused the sacralization of his power within the historical context of events. Chronicles and epistles show the process of establishing a discourse of strong royal power. The growing independence of the Russian principalities from the weakening Golden Horde contributed to the strengthening of the role of the prince, as well as the capital – Moscow. The Russian Church call the sovereign the tsar, the role of the ruler changes – he becomes the defender of the Orthodox faith. Some cited the example of Mohammed II and Vlad Tepes as formidable but fair sovereigns who create a righteous court and govern the country according to God's laws. The concept is refined to the form that the tsar has two “incarnations”. He plays the role of both a secular monarch and God’s protege, that is, the country ruled by the sovereign is transformed into a “center of the Orthodox”, which also carries the idea of the "Third Rome" as a political-religious concept of continuity and moral rightness.

Key words: Sovereign, royal power, third Rome, political philosophy, history, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.002

E.S. SLIVA Graduate student South Russian University – Branch of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

SYSTEMIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL ELITES

In order to effectively fulfill the tasks of socio-political development, as well as to increase the effectiveness of the processes of managing social development, it is necessary to take into account the influence of political elites. This is facilitated by the expansion of scientific ideas about the functioning of political elites. The purpose of the study is to identify the systemic nature of political elites. It is proved that the principles of consistency reveal the construction of political elites as the integrity of elements that are in an ordered structure, conditioned by connections and relationships, in a state of continuous development. The result of the study is the clarification of the content of political elites, reflecting their properties, the realized relations of power and aggregated interests, the processes of resource provision of power, the influence of the environment.

Key words: political elites, power, aggregated interests, power resources, functions and structure of political elites, education system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.003

HAO LONG Candidate of Political Sciences (MSU), Doctor of Political Sciences (Peking University), Lecturer, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Moscow, Russia

A CRITICAL STUDY OF WESTERN DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM – TAKING AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM AS AN EXAMPLE PART II

Democracy is the basis of the discourse of modern Western politics, from the moment the concept appeared to the present day at the level of the "hierarchy of values", a complex process has taken place. After the bourgeois Revolution in England, the American War of Independence and the French Revolution, the developed modern Western countries were raised to "arrogant values". At the same time, all countries of the world also imply "institutional democracy" as the main international moral principle "beyond borders". However, in practice, the institutional vector that Western countries, led by the United States, rely on is still a representative democracy characterized by representation and elections, and objectively far from meeting people's expectations regarding democracy. In addition, due to the great cultural differences between the countries of the world and the fact that "democratic issues" were arbitrarily used by some countries with ulterior motives, this led to large disputes between countries, serious interstate conflicts. The article attempts, within the framework of the approach of the ideological and logical source of "democracy", in combination with relevant political theories, as well as history and practice, to try to explain the true values of democracy and its shortcomings in the Western style. The article analyzes the interests of various US political parties and groups, their political platforms in the context of democratic procedures, which is insufficiently studied in Russian historiography. The purpose of the study is to propose some possible directions for the democratic development of the international community on the basis of scientific analysis.

Key words: Western democracy, criticism, US democratic policy, US history.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.004

D.M. ZIBOROV Applicant for a Degree Candidate of Historical Sciences chair of Russian history of the XIX century and the beginning of XX century, Department of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLIGENCE COMPONENT OF THE EMBASSY OF A.V. KAULBARS TO KASHGAR IN 1872

The article is devoted to the Russian embassy headed by A.V. Kaulbars, which was sent to Kashgar in 1872 to settle trade and political relations with the local ruler Yakub-beg, who came to power as a result of a powerful Muslim uprising and China's loss of control over this territory. The Russian authorities considered conducting a military campaign against Yakub-bek to stabilize the situation. An alternative option was to conclude an agreement on favorable terms for Russia, which became the main result of the embassy's activities. However, the members of the mission also managed to collect important scientific and intelligence information about Kashgar, the political structure of Yakub-bek's state and the state of his armed forces. This side of the mission's work has so far remained in the shadows and has not been touched upon by historians, and this work is the first attempt to shed light on a little-studied aspect of the policy of the Russian Empire in East Turkestan, based on archival sources, many of which are used in scientific literature for the first time.

Key words: Russian Empire, China, A.V. Kaulbars, Yakub-bek, Yettishar, Kashgar.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.005

T.N. SHALDUNOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department SGN-3, MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, Moscow, Russia

TRANSFORMATIONS OF PETER I – STEREOTYPES OF PERCEPTION

The paper analyzes the stereotypical perception of the transformations of the first Russian emperor Peter I, for whom the characteristic of the reformer tsar, who "cut a window to Europe," is firmly entrenched in historiography. The personality of Peter the Great and his legacy have always been of interest and will certainly be of interest to researchers in the future. Almost immediately, in the XVIII century, a number of stereotypical images of Peter were formed. The author strives to show that all the actions of the emperor were dictated by an absolutely sober calculation and expressed, first of all, the interests of strengthening the positions of the Russian Empire, as well as had a clear continuity with the policy of Peter's predecessors. The paper analyzes various views on the transformations carried out by the first emperor. As a result of the study, it can be seen that interest in the ongoing transformations, which began partially spontaneously, and subsequently built into a systematic reform of the public administration system, does not fade in historical science. At the same time, one can almost always see the ambiguity of reading the prerequisites for transformations and their consequences for the development of post-Petrine Russia. Each subsequent generation of researchers will continue to replicate and develop a stereotypical perception of the key moments of Peter the Great's transformative activity.

Key words: Peter I, Alexey Mikhailovich, transformations, reforms, the Russian state, the Moscow state, the emperor.

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.006

S.A. SHPAKOVSKY Master of Political Science, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

M.A. BURDA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science and Political Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

I.V. GERASIMOVА Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population, Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

FACTORS AND CONDITIONS OF MIGRATION ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THEORY OF MIGRATION NETWORKS D. MASSEY

The article analyzes migration processes in the modern world in the context of the influence of various migration factors. In the modern world, there are states that attract migrants, there are, on the contrary, states whose policies motivate people to leave the country. Differences in the economic and demographic development of states determine the formation of a migration policy model, and migrants, guided by a complex of objective and subjective factors, tend to existing points of attraction that have a high level of migration attractiveness. In this regard, the authors attempted to structure various migration factors in the context of the theory of migration networks by D. Massey.

Key words: migration, migration processes, migration policy, public administration, economic development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.007

QIAN QIANRONG Postgraduate student, School of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE MIGRATION TO THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AT THE CURRENT STAGE

This article is devoted to the specifics of the current stage of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East. The main purpose is the illustration the of Chinese migration dynamics as multi-stage process. Author considered various aspects of migration – demographic, historical, political and legal. The research is based on the study of statistical data, Russian migration legislation, and Chinese migration flows, determined by historical and demographic trends at the Far Eastern Region. Author recommends strengthening control over migration flows and increasing cooperation with the Government of the People's Republic of China in this area due to it is capable of determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of the migration flows considered.

Key words: migration, external migration, migration policy, migration legislation, Far East, Far Eastern Federal District, China.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.008

V.V. PYZH Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health, St. Petersburg, Russia

L.V. LUKYANENKOVA Teacher "MOE Kostrov Secondary educational school", Kostrov, Russia

SPIRITUAL SECURITY OF SOCIETY AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS PROVISION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN GEOPOLITICAL RIVALRY

Spiritual security is the most important component of the security of modern Russian society in general. It is a state of the socio-cultural environment in which social consciousness, spiritual values, culture are united and conditions are provided for the spiritual improvement and progress of the individual, society and the state on the basis of national identity and the preservation of the spiritual community of the people.

Historical examples show that the processes taking place in the spiritual sphere can have both a multidimensional positive and extremely negative impact on the development of Russia in the XXI century in the context of new geopolitical realities.

Key words: patriotism, spirituality, spiritual safety of youth, spiritual and moral values, strategy of development of education, youth policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.009

A.O. DEMIRCHIEV Master of Political Science, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

S.I. POPOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

NATIONAL POLICY: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH

In the article, the authors consider the problems of state national policy, which is relevant and important for modern society, especially in the light of recent events related to interethnic relations and the strengthening of Russian unity. The authors present various approaches to understanding national politics as an internal political phenomenon, and also analyze the main theoretical and methodological approaches. Increasing the effectiveness of scientific knowledge of interethnic relations and relevant management practices, especially in the light of growing geopolitical tensions and increasing competition between states, will ensure the harmonious and peaceful coexistence of all nationalities within the country.

Key words: national policy, interethnic relations, national minorities, public policy, public administration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.010

K.A. KHARITONOV Graduate student of the Russian State social university, Moscow, Russia

CONTENT OPTIONS OF THE CONCEPT “DEMOCRACY” IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE POLITICAL TRADITIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main options for understanding the concept of "democracy" in the Russian and Chinese political science traditions.

The article emphasizes that at present a certain universal image of the state has been formed in the world, represented by a coherent sequence of universals and concepts. The most important concept of this sequence is "democracy". In the modern political science picture of the world, generated mainly by Western political science, exclusively democratic countries have the right to exist, while countries that are undemocratic or have differences in the understanding of democracy with Western political science are declared authoritarian, totalitarian, rogue countries. Meanwhile, individual countries and groups of countries representing autonomous cultures and civilizations have both their own political traditions and their own interests, often stemming from the historical experience of survival. It was this experience, along with a number of parameters of the existence of the people – from ethnic psychology to the peculiarities of the climate – that allowed the people to survive through the centuries. Therefore, the assessment of national political cultures from the point of view of another national political culture for compliance with the latter is not always legitimate.

The article analyzes the variants of understanding the concept of "democracy" in Russian and Chinese political science. The concept of "sovereign democracy" is analyzed as the Russian version, and "people's democracy" as the Chinese version. The theoretical foundations and prospects for the development of these concepts as one of the sources of national ideologies are evaluated. The necessity of forming a corpus of interconnected concepts for the formation of national ideologies as complex and interacting images of national political pictures of the world is emphasized.

Key words: ideal democracy, sovereign democracy, people's democracy, national ideology, ideological universality, ideological concept.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.011

A.A. TUSHKOV Postgraduate student of Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok, Russia

MARITIME ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS THE BASIS OF STATE POLICY TO ENSURE NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE WORLD OCEAN

In this article, the author turned to an urgent topic – the analysis of the maritime activities of the Russian Federation to ensure national interests in the World Ocean, when the geopolitical changes of recent decades have significantly narrowed the field of activity of the state. These circumstances have had an extremely negative impact on all components of the maritime component of its State potential. Including the naval, research, transport and fishing fleets, the branches of the marine complex, the fleet basing system, etc. The problem is compounded by the fact that the importance of the World Ocean for the whole world and the Russian Federation will steadily grow in the long term. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 327 "On Approval of the Foundations of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of Naval activities for the period up to 2030" dated July 25, 2017 emphasized the fact that the leading world powers with significant naval potential and a developed basing system continue to increase their naval presence in the main areas of the World Ocean, including in the waters directly adjacent to the territory of the Russian Federation. Approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 31.07.2022 No. 512 of the Maritime Doctrine specifies the strategic goals, objectives, principles and main functional directions of Russia's maritime activities in the World Ocean.

Key words: the world Ocean, the Maritime Doctrine of Russia, the national maritime policy of the Russian Federation, the national interests of Russia, global challenges and risks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.012

LLANGA MARTINEZ MICHELLE VERONICA Postgraduate student, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

POPULIST TECHNOLOGIES IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF ECUADOR

The relevance of the research topic is that the digital revolution and the development of ICT have transformed the forms of personal and mass communication. The media toolkit is expanding, its functionality is becoming more complex, there is an increase in engagement and interactivity, user participation in the creation and dissemination of political content. The format of political communications is changing: its new models and channels are being formed, as well as various socio-cultural and political-communicative practices. The complexity and specificity of understanding the problem is determined by the intensity of transformations, as well as the interdisciplinary nature of the study. As a methodological basis, an integrated approach should be applied, including elements of systemic and synergetic approaches. The learned results showed that the applied methods of the hero image, mobile offices and populist holidays are effective for the political environment of Ecuador.

Key words: populism, political communication, political technologies, V. Ibarro, R. Correa.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.013

HUANG MINGTUO Lecturer of College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University, China

CHARACTERISTICS AND REASONS FOR THE USE OF TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN INFORMATION SECURITY STRATEGY

With the militarization of cyberspace in the world, most countries use the term "Cyberwarfare" in their legislation, while Russia uses the term "Information warfare". Russia has a broader understanding of this term, that is, it not only pays attention to the threat of network technology itself, but also pays attention to the specific content that may pose a threat to Russia's national security through the use of network. This article discusses the terminology differences used in information security strategies between the West and Russia, and analyzes different perspectives on threats.

Key words: Russia, information security, Cyberwarfare, Information warfare.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.014

S.V. PETROVA Ph.D., Associate Professor Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Law Sochi State University, Sochi, Russia

A.V. IVSHINA Assistant Vice-Rector, Lecturer at the Department of Theory of Law and State, History and Philosophy Sochi State University, Sochi, Russia

CYBER PARTY AS A NEW FORM OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY

In the modern world, virtual parties (cyber parties) are becoming increasingly popular and influential. These new forms of political activity are based on the use of information and communication technologies to organize and conduct political activities. The article discusses the concept of cyber parties, their historical context and their significance and role in the modern political environment. It also analyzes the benefits and risks associated with the civil rights and freedoms of the electorate, and develops recommendations for their further development.

Key words: Internet, social networks, media space, digital technologies, info-anarchism, electorate, cyber parties, political process.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.015

A.I. SERAVIN Competitor Northwestern Institute of Management (branch) RANEPA, Moscow, Russia

DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORAL POLITICS: PECULIARITIES AS A RESOURCE

The relevance of the study is caused by the complexity of the ongoing processes in electoral politics, the variety of institutional opportunities and restrictions that affect the development of the process of electoral democracy. In the article, using the example of generalizing the theoretical directions of domestic and foreign researchers of the processes of electoral politics, electoral processes and party building, the problems of introducing digital technologies are analyzed. The article highlights two types of digital party innovations: "supporting innovations" and disruptive innovations "as technologies for intensive and radical changes in parties. The article states the influence of electoral politics digitalization technologies on the determinism of electoral behavior. Studies show a decrease in the political and managerial potential of the influence of political parties on social processes, it is stated that parties do not always reflect the mood of the electorate, target audiences.

Key words: electoral politics, digital technologies, electorate, parties.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.016

R.A. DROZHNIKOV Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

The development of digital technologies enhances the processes of globalization in the information society, and brings the problem of functioning and development of multinational companies to a new level.

The author introduced a new concept of "transnational company" as a complex that uses an international approach in its activities and involves the formation of a transnational production, trade and financial complex with a single decision-making center in the home country and with branches in other countries.

The article systematizes theoretical approaches to determining the content of the definition of "transnational companies". The main essential characteristics, signs and functions of multinational companies are specified. The analysis of scientists' points of view allows us to identify both positive and negative effects from the activities of multinational companies.

Key words: transnational companies, scientific schools of transnationalization, concepts of transnationalization, transnationalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.017

A.K. BODROV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PHENOMENON OF AGGLOMERATIONS AS “GROWTH POLES” IN THE REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA: POLITICAL ASPECT

Agglomerations are one of the key elements in the spatial development of the country. This is both an old and a new phenomenon in state systems for the reason that the study of agglomerations as one of the concomitant results of urbanization began at the beginning of the 20th century A. Weber, at the same time, in the current way of the economy with the use of digital technologies, acceleration of production, means of delivery of raw materials, movement of people and information, agglomerations, as a place of concentration of production and financial capacities, they are discovering new horizons of development. The question is whether the configuration of agglomerations will change, how they will affect the territorial structure of the region and the state in the context of the introduction of digital technologies and how this will affect the political aspects of the life of the state. We will consider these issues in this article. We will make a theoretical digression into the concept and varieties of agglomerations, the authors' arguments on this topic, after which we will talk about Russian agglomerations and their modern influence on the territorial structure of the state.

Key words: region, territorial development, spatial development, agglomeration, urban agglomeration, conurbation, interaction of the center and regions, territorial structure of the state.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.018

A.I. PETROPOLSKY RGSU graduate student, Moscow, Russia

MODERN MODEL OF PARTICIPATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES IN GOVERNMENT DECISION-MAKING

Introduction: the article is devoted to the study of the main aspects of the participation of small and medium-sized businesses in politics in the Russian Federation. The study examines the most popular models of political interaction between the state and business at the current stage of development of public-business relations.

Objective: to identify the model of participation of small and medium-sized businesses in government decision-making that is most typical for Russia.

Tasks: to characterize the most popular political models of relations between business and the state all over the world today; to identify the features of models of state-entrepreneurial interaction; to determine which of the models most characterizes the relations between business and the state in Russia.

Methods: abstraction, deduction, induction, research, description, generalization, synthesis, comparison, systematization.

Results: the two most common models of political relations between the state and business, in particular, pluralistic and corporatist models, are considered and in general terms disclosed.

Conclusions: in the modern realities of the relations that have developed between the subjects of Russian small and medium-sized businesses and public authorities, a model of such business participation in government decision-making has been formed, in which, it would seem, business has the right to legislative initiative. At the same time, firstly, this right can be expressed, as a rule, through authorized representatives of the Russian business sector. Secondly, this right is not constitutionally reserved for small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation. Thirdly, the state power has assumed the managerial and coordination function with respect to small and medium-sized businesses. Fourth, the Russian business sector is characterized by monopolism and a significant predominance of the competitive advantages of state corporations over small businesses, which indicates higher support from government agencies of large state-owned companies as opposed to small and medium-sized businesses. The above list of determinants is characteristic of such a model of participation of small and medium-sized businesses in government decision-making in Russia as paternalistic corporatism.

Key words: business, small, medium, participation, state, policy, model, pluralistic, corporatist, paternalistic, decision, initiative, legislation.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.019

V.F. PRYAKHIN D.Sc. (political science), Professor (International Relations Dept., RSHU) Professor (Diplomacy Dept., MGIMO-University), Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA AND CHINA IN THE ARCTIC. EXAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE COOPERATION

The Arctic is increasingly coming to the forefront of world politics as a region with large-scale reserves of raw materials and energy resources, a subject of particular concern for environmentalists and climatologists, as well as a region of opportunities for international cooperation and potential military-strategic rivalry. Despite the existing disagreements on the delimitation of the continental shelf, until recently, the activities of the circumpolar states, were dominated by a spirit of constructive cooperation. With the aggravation of the political crisis around Ukraine, the Western circumpolar NATO member states have set a course for "excommunicating" Russia from cooperation in the format of the Arctic Council.

The article presented analyzes the positive experience of Russian-Chinese cooperation as an example of constructive interaction in the development of the region's resources.

Key words: Arctic, continental shelf, natural resources, cooperation, Arctic Council, Russia, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.020

A.P. PONOMARENKO Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

AUSTRIAN NATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES FOR AUSTRIA IN 2023

The Ukrainian conflict remains the center of Europe's political agenda. Nevertheless, European states become more and more tired of the topic of war, which is noticeable, in particular, in Austrian journalism. Despite politicians’ statements that the war in Ukraine is Austria's biggest challenge today, there are many other factors that pose a more real threat to the country's security. This article discusses and analyzes main challenges that Vienna faces in 2023, with the exception of the Ukrainian conflict.

Key words: Austria, security, drones, migration, terrorism, radicalism, hypersonic weapons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.021

E.I. SINITSYNA Graduate student, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia

THE ROLE OF CONGRESS IN DETERMINING THE U. S. NUCLEAR DECLARATORY POLICY

The article examines the peculiarities of interaction between the executive and legislative branches of the U. S. government and the role of Congress in the context of nuclear declaratory policy during the presidency of B. Obama, D. Trump and J. Biden. The article is based on an analysis of Nuclear Posture Reviews (NPR) and U. S. legislative acts. The main attention was paid to the concept of no-first-use and the concept of sole purpose. As a result, it was concluded that issues related to U. S. nuclear policy remain highly controversial even under the control of the Democratic Party of the executive and legislative branches of government. The role of the U. S. Congress in developing the nuclear doctrine, despite the tools available in its arsenal, remains limited.

Key words: nuclear weapons, declaratory policy, U. S. Congress, Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), B. Obama, D. Trump, J. Biden.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.022

A.A. ALYUSHINA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor Departments of Humanities with the course of pedagogy and psychology of higher school, Chita State Medical Academy", Chita, Russia

GLOBALIZATION 2023: A RETROSPECTIVE OF VIEWS

The article discusses the issues of a new trend in the international political process – "deglobalization". Modern trends in the development of globalization are analyzed. The views of representatives of globalism and alterglobalism are presented. Assumptions are made about the future of world processes in an era of uncertainty and unpredictability of participants in international relations.

Key words: globalization, deglobalization, hyperglobalization, neoliberalism, alterlobalism, economy, market, civilization, society.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.023

LUO YANCHAO National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

THE STATE OF SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS AT THE PRESE

The Sino-Indian relationship has been a subject of concern for many years. The two countries have shared a long history of cultural and economic exchanges, but the bilateral relationship has been marred by political tensions. In recent years, however, the two countries have become more cooperative on trade and security issues. The relationship between China and India is one of the most important bilateral relationships in the world. It is a very complex relationship with many contradictions, but it is also a very important strategic relationship for both countries. This article will discuss why China and India have such a strong relationship and how it has changed over time. The first reason why China and India have such a strong relationship is because they both have similar interests in the region. Both countries are interested in maintaining peace in the region because they both want to be able to trade freely without any interference from other countries. Also, we will discuss the current state of Sino-Indian relations at the present stage. It will also analyze how China's growing power in Asia is affecting India's position in the region and how both countries can improve their ties to promote regional peace and stability. As Asia's largest and fastest growing powers in modern global politics, the relationship between China and India is growing closer. This symbiosis is characterized by clear commonalities, including a common civilizational foundation, a mutual desire to once again become great powers in international relations, and common goals of modernization. At the same time, relations are complicated by a number of issues, most notably long-standing territorial disputes, friction over regional friction over regional leadership, and broader diplomatic tensions (primarily over Sino-Pakistani and India-US ties). This article explores the historical roots and contemporary realization of a key dynamic in the relationship between Beijing and New Delhi.

Key words: China, India, bilateral relations, Galvan conflict, multipolarity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.024

F. MUAMAR PhD Candidate, Political Science and International Relations Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

MILITARY POLICIES AS SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

Local and foreign military efforts in counter-terrorism operations in the Middle East and North Africa region, cause negative implications. Military strikes against terrorist do not mean a final elimination of their threat. Military operations end up killing terrorists, but also causing losses of hundreds of billions of Dollars in infrastructure, besides, millions of refugees. Therefore, preventing terrorism before its emergence is a better choice rather than causing lots of destruction, human and financial losses.

Key words: MENA, Middle East, North Africa, deradicalization, extremism, terror, ISIS, Islamic State in Iraq and Levante, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, Islamic state, Jihad, counterterrorism, military operation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.025

XU JUN Postgraduate Student, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia; Senior teacher, Cangzhou Normal University, China

TOOLS AND EFFECTS OF U.S. SOFT POWER IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY

The article examines the diversity and effectiveness of the soft power tools employed by the United States in Central Asia in the 21st century. The United States utilizes a wide range of instruments, including cultural and educational exchanges, economic aid, educational programs, and security cooperation. Examples of activities by organizations such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Greater Central Asia project, the American University of Central Asia (AUCA), the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, and other important entities that contribute to the implementation of non-coercive policies in the region are discussed.

However, despite the variety of these tools, not all of them achieve the desired impact, which may be attributed to the loss of trust in the United States by the countries in the region. The gradual erosion of trust in the United States over time can be influenced by various factors, including geopolitical dynamics, historical events, and perceptions of American foreign policy. In conclusion, the importance of studying the instruments and challenges of U.S. soft power in Central Asia is emphasized for a better understanding of their effectiveness and impact.

Key words: United States, soft power, Central Asia, U.S. Agency for International Development, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.026

TAMUNDELE JEAN-BAPTISTE NGEY Doctoral student in international relations, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

Scientific supervisor:

V.A. SHAGALOV Associate Professor, PhD (Associate Professor), Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF THE UN IN THE AFRICAN UNION. FAILURE OR SUCCESS?

The article is devoted to cooperation between the United Nations (UN) and regional international organizations, in particular the African Union (AU). Over the past decade, the role of the AU and sub-regional organizations has increased significantly. Through its peace and security bodies, the African Union makes a huge contribution to strengthening stability and promoting democracy and respect for human rights in Africa. Within the framework of this article, the question of the role of the UN in the African Union is one of the central ones. This issue is of serious importance, since the UN and the African Union are two key international organizations that deal with important issues on the world stage.

Key words: UN, African Union, Sudan, regional conflicts, peacekeeping operation, regional security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.027

N.I. PHILIPPOVA Research assistant, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Postgraduate student, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

THE «BOYCOTT, DIVESTMENT, SANCTIONS» MOVEMENT: ISRAEL'S COUNTERMEASURES

The «Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions» Movement (BDS), founded in 2005, advocates non-violent action against Israel to end the occupation and protect the rights of the Palestinian people. Israel's perception of the movement's program as undermining the image and national identity of the state contributed to the campaign aimed to end BDS activities. At the same time, the countermeasures have pushed the Israeli authorities into a reputational dilemma, in which Tel Aviv has also been criticized for the undemocratic nature of some of the steps. The question of improving its own image remained a dilemma for Israel as well. Due to a series of ongoing military conflicts, Israel has adopted advertising tactics without a direct link to the state.

Key words: Israel, Palestine, NGO, BDS, rights of the Palestinian people, human rights.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.028

A.A. KHVALEY Candidate of Department of Political Science of the East of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INFORMATION CONFRONTATION IN THE ARAB REGION AND ITS ROLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL PROCESS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of information confrontation in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa from the point of view of political science approach. The purpose of the research was to identify a set of factors (primarily political and political-economic in nature) that caused the next aggravation of the information-psychological confrontation, which is conducted by both Western and Eastern countries in the Arab world. The author gives a brief history of the development of the phenomenon in question, describes its current state and presents a conclusion about the high probability of further escalation of tension in the information-psychological sphere of the Arab states.

The Arab world, many countries of which occupy a favorable geographical position and possess all the necessary resources for further development, is gradually beginning to play an increasing role in the international political process. The leading countries of the region are striving to gain greater subjectivity and claim regional leadership and the title of global financial and logistical centers. In this regard, there is an increased interest of major geopolitical players in the Arab countries. The United States, China and Russia are intensifying their Middle East policy, often clashing with each other on the information and psychological front. The most acute rivalry is unfolding between the Russian Federation and the United States, and although it has not yet taken on the scale of the Cold War, the increase in global tensions currently leaves no room for de-escalation.

Key words: Arab world, Middle East, geopolitics, international relations, information warfare.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.029

K.V. MIRZEKHANOV Master's student at the Faculty of Global Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

TRANSIT OF POWER IN TURKMENISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON TURKMEN FOREIGN POLICY

The article is devoted to the processes of power transit in Turkmenistan, which began in 2022, and their impact on the transformation of a number of directions of foreign policy of the former Soviet republic. In it, the author analyses the key factors that led to the transit of power and the influence of the personal factor on the foreign policy of the Turkmen state. The study shows that Turkmenistan's subjectivity as a Caspian littoral country in international affairs is currently manifested through the reorientation of interests towards strengthening relations with the Russian Federation, neighbouring Central Asian states and the Asian world as a whole. Relations with Western countries are taking a back seat, in particular due to the differences in political culture and civilisational codes of the parties, which significantly complicate the development of Turkmenistan's relations with the USA and the EU.

Key words: Central Asia, Turkmenistan, Russia, USA, EU, personalist regime, transit of power, policy of positive neutrality, foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.030

E.A. RADIONOVA Student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF PRIVATE COMPANIES IN PROMOTING BRITISH INTERESTS IN THE EARLY XXI CENTURY

This article is devoted to determining the influence of private companies, including multinational corporations (MNCs), in promoting British interests in the period of the early twenty-first century. The study aims at a comprehensive analysis of the British neo-colonial policy and consideration of the main forms of neo-colonial exploitation (military, cultural and economic). The relevance of the study stems from the fact that although Britain is not the leading country suspected of pursuing a policy of neo-colonialism, its influence on independent states in Asia, Africa and Latin America remains significant, especially through the activities of private companies. The paper examines the main forms of British neo-colonial exploitation. Special attention is paid to economic expansion as the most significant mechanism of neo-colonial policy. In addition, it analyses the activities of MNCs in the context of promoting British interests in the territories of former colonies. To achieve the set tasks, the methods of analysing theoretical research, as well as systematic analysis of statistical data on the activities of British private companies were used. The scientific novelty of the work consists in determining the degree of influence of private companies on the promotion of British interests in the territory of former colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The analysis has shown that economic exploitation is one of the key instruments of neo-colonial policy. By attracting multinational corporations, which can be classified into extractive, manufacturing and financial corporations, the UK uses former colonies to enrich the national economy by extracting natural resources (oil, gas and precious metals), selling products of its production, as well as imposing unequal partnerships on developing countries. The analysis presented in the article may be useful to a wide range of readers, including those interested in the study of the neo-colonial policy of the UK.

Key words: Great Britain, neo-colonialism, multinational corporations, private companies, developing countries, former colonies of the British Empire.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.031

E.S. FILIMONOVA Bachelor's and Master's degree graduate Department of History of Social and Political Teachings of the Faculty political science MSU. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE LIFE AND WORK OF A.D. SAKHAROV

Within the framework of this article, an attempt was made to periodize the life of the famous Russian physicist A.D. Sakharov. To achieve the goal, the main stages of the biography were identified, without which it is impossible to form a complete picture of the personality and actions of the academician. The article also offers a brief overview of the main nuclear test sites of the planet and describes the results of the Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement. One of the results of the study is the discovery of a connection between the US government and the Sakharov Centers, which consists in continuous financing of anti-Russian activities. Moreover, the negative position of the academician's own son in relation to the activities of the Bonner children abroad related to the name of Sakharov and his legacy was revealed.

In addition to biographical analysis, the author of the article made assumptions about the reasons for the change in the academician's attitude to the main business of his life – nuclear weapons. Sakharov 's opinion on the importance of having nuclear weapons in the USSR has changed for several reasons: 1) the death of Sakharov's first wife from cancer; 2) misunderstandings with N.S. Khrushchev and his entourage; 3) personal presence during the observation of the trials and awareness of the number of test victims; 4) the influence of Western scientists; 5) marriage to E.G. Bonner in 1972. Methods of this research: biographical analysis, historical and political analysis.

Key words: nuclear weapons, tests, "Tsar-Bomb", Sakharov puff, landfills, victims, exile, dissidence, family, environment, Sarov, Gorky, Khrushchev, Beria, Tamm, Sakharov, Bonner, perestroika, Nevada-Semipalatinsk, environmental safety, rethinking values, Russia, USA.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96-1.8.032

E.А. YARTSEV Master’s student at the Higher School of the State Audit, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY OF THE BUDGET SYSTEM IN THE ACTIVITIES OF STATE (MUNICIPAL) FINANCIAL CONTROL BODIES

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of the principle of transparency of the budget system at the present stage. It analyzes and describes in detail the forms and methods of implementing this principle, while the emphasis is on considering the main features of the implementation of the principle of transparency in the activities of financial control bodies. Such methods, for example, include interaction with other public authorities, publication of annual reports, posting information on the Internet. The study shows that the current legal regulation does not establish exhaustive rules on the implementation of the principle of transparency in the activities of the Federal Treasury and other executive authorities in the implementation of internal financial control. In this regard, it seems appropriate to develop and establish relevant regulations at the level of subordinate regulation.

Key words: Audit Chamber, principle of transparency, control and accounting bodies, budget system, financial control, interaction of authorities, openness of information.